Lang P J, Bradley M M, Cuthbert B N
NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA.
Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Dec 15;44(12):1248-63. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00275-3.
The organization of response systems in emotion is founded on two basic motive systems, appetitive and defensive. The subcortical and deep cortical structures that determine primary motivated behavior are similar across mammalian species. Animal research has illuminated these neural systems and defined their reflex outputs. Although motivated behavior is more complex and varied in humans, the simpler underlying response patterns persist in affective expression. These basic phenomena are elucidated here in the context of affective perception. Thus, the research examines human beings watching uniquely human stimuli--primarily picture media (but also words and sounds) that prompt emotional arousal--showing how the underlying motivational structure is apparent in the organization of visceral and behavioral responses, in the priming of simple reflexes, and in the reentrant processing of these symbolic representations in the sensory cortex. Implications of the work for understanding pathological emotional states are discussed, emphasizing research on psychopathy and the anxiety disorders.
情绪反应系统的组织建立在两个基本动机系统之上，即欲求系统和防御系统。决定主要动机行为的皮层下和深层皮层结构在哺乳动物物种中是相似的。动物研究阐明了这些神经系统并确定了它们的反射输出。尽管人类的动机行为更为复杂多样，但更简单的潜在反应模式在情感表达中依然存在。这些基本现象将在情感感知的背景下在此进行阐释。因此，该研究考察了观看独特人类刺激物（主要是引发情绪唤醒的图片媒体，也包括文字和声音）的人类，展示了潜在的动机结构如何在内脏和行为反应的组织、简单反射的启动以及感觉皮层中这些符号表征的折返加工中显现出来。讨论了该研究工作对理解病理性情绪状态的意义，重点强调了对精神变态和焦虑症的研究。
