Vasanthi S, Bhat R V
National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad.
Indian J Med Res. 1998 Nov;108:212-24.
Mycotoxins of importance in India include aflatoxin, fumonisins, trichothecenes, ergot alkaloids and ochratoxins. The ICMR multicentric study on the occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in risk commodities namely, maize and groundnut showed that 21 per cent of groundnut samples and 26 per cent of maize samples analysed exceeded Indian tolerance limits of 30 micrograms/kg. A study on the aflatoxin intake from maize-based diets in a rural region of Andhra Pradesh showed the intakes to be in the range of 4-100 ng/kg body wt/day. Studies on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk in the southern and western regions of India indicated levels in the range of 0.05-3.0 micrograms/l. Analysis of feed samples indicated high incidence of aflatoxin B1 contamination in the groundnut cake component. Fumonisins have been shown to occur in Indian maize and sorghum. Studies showed high levels of fumonisins in rain-affected maize and sorghum consumption of which resulted in an outbreak of fumonisin mycotoxicosis in rural regions of the Deccan Plateau. A similar disease outbreak occurred in poultry due to consumption of fumonisin contaminated feed containing rain damaged maize. Biomarkers have been developed for assessing the risk of exposure for two mycotoxins viz., aflatoxin by measurement by ELISA of aflatoxin B1 N7-guanine adduct which has a detection limit of 15.6 pmol aflatoxin B1 N7 guanine; and fumonisin B1 by measurement in urine using HPLC with a detection limit of 8 ng/ml urine. Assessment of the economic implications of aflatoxin contamination showed economic losses resulting in rejection of export consignment of hand-picked-selected (HPS) groundnut and losses in the poultry industry. Approaches for prevention and control of mycotoxin contamination in foods have shown that methods involving the segregation of contaminated or mouldy grains by hand picking and density segregation resulted in a reduction of 70-90 per cent of aflatoxin and fumonisin present in the grains. While harmonization of international regulatory limits, the requirements of food producing countries needs to be recognized and realistic but not idealistic safe limits, need to be proposed.
在印度，重要的霉菌毒素包括黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素、单端孢霉烯族毒素、麦角生物碱和赭曲霉毒素。印度医学研究理事会（ICMR）针对风险商品（即玉米和花生）中黄曲霉毒素污染情况开展的多中心研究表明，所分析的花生样本中有21%以及玉米样本中有26%超过了印度30微克/千克的耐受限量。一项关于安得拉邦农村地区以玉米为主的饮食中黄曲霉毒素摄入量的研究表明，摄入量在4 - 100纳克/千克体重/天的范围内。对印度南部和西部地区牛奶中黄曲霉毒素M1出现情况的研究表明，其含量在0.05 - 3.0微克/升的范围内。饲料样本分析表明，花生饼成分中黄曲霉毒素B1污染发生率很高。已证明伏马毒素存在于印度的玉米和高粱中。研究表明，受雨水影响的玉米和高粱中伏马毒素含量很高，食用这些受影响的玉米和高粱导致德干高原农村地区爆发伏马毒素中毒症。由于食用含有受雨水损害玉米且被伏马毒素污染的饲料，家禽中也发生了类似的疾病爆发。已开发出生物标志物，用于评估两种霉菌毒素的暴露风险，即通过酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）测量黄曲霉毒素B1 N7 - 鸟嘌呤加合物来评估黄曲霉毒素暴露风险，该加合物的检测限为15.6皮摩尔黄曲霉毒素B1 N7 - 鸟嘌呤；通过高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测量尿液中的伏马毒素B1来评估伏马毒素暴露风险，检测限为8纳克/毫升尿液。对黄曲霉毒素污染的经济影响评估表明，经济损失表现为精选花生（HPS）出口货物被拒收以及家禽业遭受损失。食品中霉菌毒素污染的预防和控制方法表明，通过手工挑选和密度分离等方法分离受污染或发霉的谷物，可使谷物中黄曲霉毒素和伏马毒素含量降低70% - 90%。在统一国际监管限量时，需要认识到食品生产国的要求，并且需要提出切实可行而非理想化的安全限量。
