Schoepke A, Steffen R, Gratz N
Zurich University Travel Clinic, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland.
J Travel Med. 1998 Dec;5(4):188-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.1998.tb00505.x.
To determine the effectiveness of personal protection measures (PPM) against mosquito bites in travelers as tools of malaria prevention.
Two step questionnaire survey conducted in European tourists who visited East Africa: cross-sectional evaluation during the return flight with follow-up 12 weeks after return home. Among 100,336 tourists participating in a malaria survey, 89,617 had answered all questions relating to PPM and to malaria occurrence. The main outcome measure was the occurrence of malaria.
Only 2% of tourists visiting East Africa regularly take all four of the most important PPM. Regular use of PPM resulted in a small, but significant reduction of malaria incidence when travelers were interviewed 12 weeks after returning home. Air-conditioned rooms and clothing which covered arms and legs were effective, whereas repellants, insecticides, coils, etc. showed no significant effect.
In general, advice relating to all possible PPM in travelers should be concentrated on those who are at greatest risk of bites, and thus of malaria. For those at low and intermediate risk, preference should be given to convenient measures with proven effectiveness, such as using air-conditioned rooms and appropriate clothing.
确定个人防护措施（PPM）作为预防疟疾工具对旅行者防蚊叮咬的有效性。
对前往东非的欧洲游客进行两步问卷调查：返程航班上的横断面评估以及回国后12周的随访。在参与疟疾调查的100336名游客中，89617人回答了所有与个人防护措施和疟疾发生相关的问题。主要观察指标是疟疾的发生情况。
定期前往东非的游客中只有2%的人会采取所有四项最重要的个人防护措施。回国12周后接受访谈时，经常使用个人防护措施可使疟疾发病率略有但显著降低。有空调的房间以及覆盖手臂和腿部的衣物有效，而驱蚊剂、杀虫剂、蚊香等则未显示出显著效果。
一般而言，针对旅行者所有可能的个人防护措施的建议应集中于那些被蚊虫叮咬风险最高、因而感染疟疾风险也最高的人群。对于低风险和中等风险人群，应优先选择已证实有效的便捷措施，如使用有空调的房间和穿着合适的衣物。
