Appel M J
James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
Adv Vet Med. 1999;41:309-24. doi: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80023-8.
During the last 40 years vaccines have been developed that have greatly reduced the incidence of infectious diseases of dogs. In general, modified live products have been superior to inactivated vaccines for dogs. It can be expected that recombinant and/or DNA vaccines may dominate the market in the future. Although most vaccines on the market are safe and efficacious, there have been exceptions where disease was induced by vaccination or dogs were not protected. The failure of protection may in part be due to variations in individual vaccine batches. Only potency tests but not efficacy tests are required, which may not be sufficient. For example, a virus titer in a vaccine may be meaningless if the minimum protective dose is not known. Overattenuated virus (e.g., CDV-Ond or parvovirus in cat cells) may have a high titer in tissue culture but is not immunogenic. The question of frequency of vaccination of dogs should be addressed. Annual revaccinations for CDV, CPV, and CAV are probably not needed. However, it would be desirable to collect more data to support less frequent vaccinations. Annual immunization for bacterial diseases such as kennel cough, Lyme disease, and leptospirosis should continue. It also would be desirable to develop more oro/nasal vaccines, perhaps combined with newly developed vectors that are less likely to induce undesirable side effects that may be seen after parenteral vaccination. Finally a word of warning against homeopathic "nosodes" to replace tested canine vaccines. They will appear highly effective as long as the majority of dogs remain vaccinated. As soon as a nonvaccinated dog population is large enough to allow virulent agents to spread, disease outbreaks will occur and we will be back where we began 40 years ago.
在过去40年里，已研发出的疫苗极大地降低了犬类传染病的发病率。总体而言，犬用活疫苗优于灭活疫苗。可以预期，重组疫苗和/或DNA疫苗未来可能会主导市场。尽管市面上的大多数疫苗安全有效，但也有疫苗接种引发疾病或犬只未得到保护的例外情况。保护失败可能部分归因于各批次疫苗的差异。目前仅要求进行效力测试而非效果测试，这可能并不充分。例如，如果不知道最小保护剂量，疫苗中的病毒滴度可能毫无意义。过度减毒的病毒（如犬瘟热病毒-昂德株或猫细胞中的细小病毒）在组织培养中可能具有高滴度，但没有免疫原性。犬类疫苗接种频率的问题应该得到解决。可能不需要每年对犬瘟热病毒、犬细小病毒和犬腺病毒进行再次接种。然而，需要收集更多数据来支持减少接种频率。对于犬窝咳、莱姆病和钩端螺旋体病等细菌性疾病，应继续每年进行免疫接种。开发更多的口服/鼻用疫苗也很有必要，或许可以与新开发的载体结合，这些载体不太可能引发注射疫苗后可能出现的不良副作用。最后，要警惕用顺势疗法的“疫病疫苗”替代经过测试的犬用疫苗。只要大多数犬只仍接种疫苗，这些“疫病疫苗”就会显得非常有效。一旦未接种疫苗的犬只数量足够多，使得致病病原体得以传播，就会爆发疾病，我们将回到40年前的起点。
