Clark H H, Wasow T
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, CA 94305-2130, USA.
Cogn Psychol. 1998 Dec;37(3):201-42. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1998.0693.
Speakers often repeat the first word of major constituents, as in, "I uh I wouldn't be surprised at that." Repeats like this divide into four stages: an initial commitment to the constituent (with "I"); the suspension of speech; a hiatus in speaking (filled with "uh"); and a restart of the constituent ("I wouldn't."). An analysis of all repeated articles and pronouns in two large corpora of spontaneous speech shows that the four stages reflect different principles. Speakers are more likely to make a premature commitment, immediately suspending their speech, as both the local constituent and the constituent containing it become more complex. They plan some of these suspensions from the start as preliminary commitments to what they are about to say. And they are more likely to restart a constituent the more their stopping has disrupted its delivery. We argue that the principles governing these stages are general and not specific to repeats.
说话者常常重复主要成分的第一个词，比如：“我，呃，我对此不会感到惊讶。” 这样的重复分为四个阶段：对成分的初始承诺（以 “我” 开头）；言语的停顿；说话中的间隙（用 “呃” 填充）；以及成分的重新开始（“我不会”）。对两个大型自然语言语料库中所有重复的冠词和代词进行分析表明，这四个阶段反映了不同的原则。随着局部成分及其包含的成分变得更加复杂，说话者更有可能过早做出承诺，随即停顿言语。他们从一开始就计划了其中一些停顿，作为对即将要说内容的初步承诺。而且，他们停顿得越久，对成分传递的干扰越大，就越有可能重新开始这个成分。我们认为，支配这些阶段的原则是普遍的，并非重复所特有的。
