Waldron I, Johnston S
J Human Stress. 1976 Jun;2(2):19-30. doi: 10.1080/0097840X.1976.9936063.
In the contemporary United States, males have 60 percent higher mortality than females. In Part I, published in the previous issue, we showed that 40 percent of this sex differential in mortality is due to a twofold elevation of arteriosclerotic heart disease among men. Major causes of higher rates of arteriosclerotic heart disease in men include greater cigarette smoking among men; probably a greater prevalence of the competitive, aggressive Coronary Prone Behavior Pattern among men; and possibly a protective role of female hormones. In addition, men have higher death rates for lung cancer and emphysema, primarily because more men smoke cigarettes. In Part II we analyze the other major causes of men's higher death rates: accidents, suicide, and cirrhosis of the liver. Each of these is related to behaviors which are encouraged or accepted more in men than in women in our society--for example, using guns, being adventurous and acting unafraid, working at hazardous jobs and drinking alcohol. We conclude with suggestions for reducing male mortality; for example, by changing the social conditions which foster in men the behaviors that elevate their mortality.
在当代美国，男性的死亡率比女性高60%。在上一期发表的第一部分中，我们表明，这种死亡率的性别差异中有40%是由于男性患动脉硬化性心脏病的几率高出两倍。男性动脉硬化性心脏病发病率较高的主要原因包括：男性吸烟率更高；男性中具有竞争性、攻击性的易患冠心病行为模式的患病率可能更高；以及女性荷尔蒙可能具有的保护作用。此外，男性的肺癌和肺气肿死亡率更高，主要是因为吸烟的男性更多。在第二部分中，我们分析了男性死亡率较高的其他主要原因：事故、自杀和肝硬化。这些原因中的每一个都与一些行为有关，在我们的社会中，这些行为在男性中比在女性中更受鼓励或被接受——例如，使用枪支、冒险和无所畏惧、从事危险工作以及饮酒。我们最后提出了降低男性死亡率的建议；例如，通过改变那些促使男性养成提高其死亡率行为的社会状况。
