Metcalfe J, Mischel W
Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
Psychol Rev. 1999 Jan;106(1):3-19. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.106.1.3.
A 2-system framework is proposed for understanding the processes that enable--and undermine--self-control or "willpower" as exemplified in the delay of gratification paradigm. A cool, cognitive "know" system and a hot, emotional "go" system are postulated. The cool system is cognitive, emotionally neutral, contemplative, flexible, integrated, coherent, spatiotemporal, slow, episodic, and strategic. It is the seat of self-regulation and self-control. The hot system is the basis of emotionality, fears as well as passions--impulsive and reflexive--initially controlled by innate releasing stimuli (and, thus, literally under "stimulus control"): it is fundamental for emotional (classical) conditioning and undermines efforts at self-control. The balance between the hot and cool systems is determined by stress, developmental level, and the individual's self-regulatory dynamics. The interactions between these systems allow explanation of findings on willpower from 3 decades of research.
本文提出了一个双系统框架，用于理解在延迟满足范式中体现的、促成和破坏自我控制或“意志力”的过程。假定存在一个冷静的认知“知”系统和一个热情的情感“行”系统。冷静系统具有认知性、情感中立、善于思考、灵活、整合性、连贯性、具有时空观念、缓慢、基于事件且具有策略性。它是自我调节和自我控制的所在。热情系统是情感、恐惧以及激情的基础——冲动且具有反射性——最初由先天释放刺激所控制（因此，实际上处于“刺激控制”之下）：它是情感（经典）条件作用的基础，并且会破坏自我控制的努力。热情系统和冷静系统之间的平衡由压力、发展水平以及个体的自我调节动态所决定。这些系统之间的相互作用能够解释三十年来关于意志力的研究结果。
