Hall L W, Giddings J M, Solomon K R, Balcomb R
University of Maryland, Agricultural Experiment Station, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown 21658, USA.
Crit Rev Toxicol. 1999 Jul;29(4):367-437.
Irgarol 1051 is an algaecide used in copper-based antifoulant paints for controlling fouling organisms on the hulls of recreational and commercial watercraft. Paints containing this algaecide have been used in Europe since the mid-1980s. In 1998, the first antifouling paints containing Irgarol 1051 were registered for use in the U. S. To examine the risk that Irgarol may pose to aquatic ecosystems, a probabilistic ecological risk assessment was conducted using distributions of exposure and toxicity data. Exposure data for this assessment were derived from 11 monitoring studies (146 stations) conducted in marinas, estuaries, and coastal waters from 1992 to 1997 in six European countries. A comparison of 90th percentile concentrations pooled by station types across all regions showed that concentrations in marinas (316 ng/l) were higher than in estuaries and coastal waters (41 and 19 ng/l, respectively). A 90th percentile of 133 ng/l was reported for all pooled stations. Temporal trends showed that Irgarol concentrations typically peaked in early summer after launching of small boats with much lower concentrations occurring during the spring, fall, and winter. Toxicity data used for this risk assessment were derived primarily from unpublished studies submitted to regulatory agencies. Because Irgarol is a photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicide, it is much more toxic to plants than animals. Toxicity values for animals (fish and invertebrates) were much greater than concentrations of Irgarol reported in the environment. Therefore, a conservative approach using a distribution of only plant toxicity data (EC50s for plant growth) was used to derive a 10th percentile of 136 ng/l. This plant toxicity benchmark of 136 ng/l was used for risk characterization. Results from probabilistic analysis showed that ecological risk from Irgarol exposure was low in estuaries, coastal areas, and various open-type marinas. However, 10% or more of the plant species in enclosed marinas with low flushing rates may be exposed to Irgarol concentrations that would reduce photosynthesis activity and growth during the summer. Ecological risk to these sensitive plant species in enclosed marinas will likely be moderated because of the reversibility of Irgarol's inhibition of photosynthesis and the rapid recovery potential of plant communities. The ecological significance of marinas that generally contain numerous stressors such as trace metals, tributyltin, petroleum hydrocarbons, high nutrient concentrations, and low dissolved oxygen concentrations is a management issue that needs to be addressed.
灭藻醌1051是一种用于铜基防污涂料的除藻剂，用于控制休闲和商业船舶船体上的污损生物。自20世纪80年代中期以来，欧洲就开始使用含有这种除藻剂的涂料。1998年，首批含有灭藻醌1051的防污涂料在美国注册使用。为了研究灭藻醌可能对水生生态系统造成的风险，利用暴露和毒性数据分布进行了概率生态风险评估。该评估的暴露数据来自1992年至1997年在六个欧洲国家的码头、河口和沿海水域进行的11项监测研究（146个站点）。对所有区域按站点类型汇总的第90百分位数浓度进行比较，结果表明，码头的浓度（316纳克/升）高于河口和沿海水域（分别为41纳克/升和19纳克/升）。所有汇总站点的第90百分位数为133纳克/升。时间趋势表明，灭藻醌浓度通常在初夏小船下水后达到峰值，而在春季、秋季和冬季浓度则低得多。用于该风险评估的毒性数据主要来自提交给监管机构的未发表研究。由于灭藻醌是一种抑制光合作用的除草剂，它对植物的毒性比对动物大得多。动物（鱼类和无脊椎动物）的毒性值远高于环境中报告的灭藻醌浓度。因此，采用仅使用植物毒性数据分布（植物生长的半数有效浓度）的保守方法得出第10百分位数为136纳克/升。这个136纳克/升的植物毒性基准用于风险特征描述。概率分析结果表明，在河口、沿海地区和各种开放式码头，灭藻醌暴露带来的生态风险较低。然而，在冲洗率低的封闭式码头中，10%或更多的植物物种在夏季可能会接触到会降低光合作用活性和生长的灭藻醌浓度。由于灭藻醌对光合作用的抑制具有可逆性以及植物群落具有快速恢复潜力，封闭式码头中这些敏感植物物种面临的生态风险可能会得到缓解。码头通常含有多种压力源，如痕量金属、三丁基锡、石油烃、高营养浓度和低溶解氧浓度，其生态意义是一个需要解决的管理问题。
