Schneider T, Vermeulen R, Brouwer D H, Cherrie J W, Kromhout H, Fogh C L
National Institute of Occupational Health, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Occup Environ Med. 1999 Nov;56(11):765-73. doi: 10.1136/oem.56.11.765.
Dermal exposure, primarily to pesticides, has been measured for almost half a century. Compared with exposure by inhalation, limited progress has been made towards standardisation of methods of measurement and development of biologically relevant exposure measures. It is suggested that the absence of a consistent terminology and a theoretical model has been an important cause of this lack of progress. Therefore, a consistent terminology based on a multicompartment model for assessment of dermal exposure is proposed that describes the transport of contaminant mass from the source of the hazardous substance to the surface of the skin. Six compartments and two barriers together with eight mass transport processes are described. With the model structure, examples are given of what some existing methods actually measure and where there are limited, or no, methods for measuring the relevant mass in a compartment or transport of mass. The importance of measuring the concentration of contaminant and not mass per area in the skin contaminant layer is stressed, as it is the concentration difference between the skin contamination layer and the perfused tissue that drives uptake. Methods for measuring uptake are currently not available. Measurement of mass, concentration, and the transport processes must be based on a theoretical model. Standardisation of methods of measurement of dermal exposure is strongly recommended.
对皮肤暴露（主要是农药暴露）的测量已进行了近半个世纪。与吸入暴露相比，在测量方法的标准化以及具有生物学相关性的暴露测量方法的开发方面进展有限。有人认为，缺乏一致的术语和理论模型是进展不足的一个重要原因。因此，本文提出了一种基于多室模型的一致术语，用于评估皮肤暴露，该术语描述了污染物质量从有害物质源到皮肤表面的传输过程。文中描述了六个隔室、两个屏障以及八个质量传输过程。结合模型结构，举例说明了一些现有方法实际测量的内容，以及在哪些隔室中测量相关质量或质量传输时方法有限或根本没有方法。文中强调了测量皮肤污染物层中污染物浓度而非单位面积质量的重要性，因为正是皮肤污染层与灌注组织之间的浓度差驱动了吸收过程。目前尚无测量吸收量的方法。质量、浓度和传输过程的测量必须基于理论模型。强烈建议对皮肤暴露测量方法进行标准化。
