Epstein J A, Griffin K W, Botvin G J
Institute for Prevention Research, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Tob Control. 2000 Mar;9(1):33-9. doi: 10.1136/tc.9.1.33.
To test whether higher levels of general competence are linked to more frequent use of refusal assertiveness that is in turn related to less subsequent smoking among inner city adolescents.
Longitudinal study conducted during three year middle school or junior high school period. A sample of 1459 students attending 22 middle (ages 11-14 years) and junior high (ages 12-15 years) schools in New York City participated. Students completed surveys at baseline, one year follow up, and two year follow up. The students self reported smoking, decision making skills, personal efficacy, and refusal assertiveness. Teams of three to five data collectors administered the questionnaire following a standardised protocol. These data were collected in school during a regular 40 minute class period.
Based on the tested structural equation model, decision making and personal efficacy (that is, general competence) predicted higher refusal assertiveness and this greater assertiveness predicted less smoking at the two year follow up. The tested model had a good fit and was parsimonious and consistent with theory.
Adolescent smoking prevention programmes often teach refusal skills in order to help youth resist peer pressure to smoke. The present findings suggest that teaching general competence skills as well may help to reduce smoking because youth with better personal efficacy and decision making skills are better able to implement smoking refusal strategies.
检验较高水平的综合能力是否与更频繁地使用拒绝 Assertiveness 相关，而拒绝 Assertiveness 又与城市内青少年随后较少吸烟有关。
在三年的中学或初中阶段进行纵向研究。抽取了纽约市22所中学（年龄11 - 14岁）和初中（年龄12 - 15岁）的1459名学生作为样本参与。学生在基线、一年随访和两年随访时完成调查。学生自行报告吸烟情况、决策技能、个人效能和拒绝 Assertiveness。由三到五名数据收集者组成的团队按照标准化方案管理问卷。这些数据是在学校常规的40分钟课堂时间内收集的。
基于所测试的结构方程模型，决策和个人效能（即综合能力）预测了更高的拒绝 Assertiveness，而这种更强的 Assertiveness 在两年随访时预测了更少的吸烟情况。所测试的模型拟合良好，简约且与理论一致。
青少年吸烟预防项目通常教授拒绝技能，以帮助年轻人抵制同伴吸烟压力。目前的研究结果表明，教授综合能力技能也可能有助于减少吸烟，因为个人效能和决策技能更好的年轻人能够更好地实施吸烟拒绝策略。
