Margolin G, Gordis E B
Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-1061, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2000;51:445-79. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.445.
This review examines theoretical and empirical literature on children's reactions to three types of violence--child maltreatment, community violence, and interparental violence. In addition to describing internalizing and externalizing problems associated with exposure to violence, this review identifies ways that violence can disrupt typical developmental trajectories through psychobiological effects, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), cognitive consequences, and peer problems. Methodological challenges in this literature include high rates of co-occurrence among types of violence exposure, co-occurrence of violence with other serious life adversities, heterogeneity in the frequency, severity, age of onset, and chronicity of exposure, and difficulties in making causal inferences. A developmental psychopathology perspective focuses attention on how violence may have different effects at different ages and may compromise children's abilities to face normal developmental challenges. Emphasis is placed on the variability of children's reactions to violence, on outcomes that go beyond diagnosable disorders, and on variables that mediate and moderate children's reactions to violence.
本综述考察了关于儿童对三种暴力类型——儿童虐待、社区暴力和父母间暴力——反应的理论和实证文献。除了描述与接触暴力相关的内化和外化问题外，本综述还确定了暴力通过心理生物学效应、创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）、认知后果和同伴问题扰乱典型发展轨迹的方式。该文献中的方法学挑战包括暴力暴露类型之间的高共现率、暴力与其他严重生活逆境的共现、暴露频率、严重程度、发病年龄和持续性的异质性，以及进行因果推断的困难。发展心理病理学视角将注意力集中在暴力如何在不同年龄产生不同影响以及如何损害儿童面对正常发展挑战的能力上。重点在于儿童对暴力反应的变异性、超出可诊断障碍的结果，以及调节和缓和儿童对暴力反应的变量。
