Vogel F R
Vaccine and Prevention Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Jun;30 Suppl 3:S266-70. doi: 10.1086/313883.
New vaccines are presently under development and in testing for the control of infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis. Several of these vaccines are composed of synthetic, recombinant, or highly purified subunit antigens. Subunit vaccines are designed to include only the antigens required for protective immunization and to be safer than whole-inactivated or live-attenuated vaccines. However, the purity of the subunit antigens and the absence of the self-adjuvanting immunomodulatory components associated with attenuated or killed vaccines often result in weaker immunogenicity. Immunologic adjuvants are agents that enhance specific immune responses to vaccines. Formulation of vaccines with potent adjuvants is an attractive approach for improving the performance of vaccines composed of subunit antigens. Adjuvants have diverse mechanisms of action and should be selected for use on the basis of the route of administration and the type of immune response (antibody, cell-mediated, or mucosal immunity) that is desired for a particular vaccine.
目前正在研发和测试用于控制包括人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）和结核病在内的传染病的新型疫苗。其中几种疫苗由合成、重组或高度纯化的亚单位抗原组成。亚单位疫苗的设计仅包含保护性免疫所需的抗原，并且比全灭活或减毒活疫苗更安全。然而，亚单位抗原的纯度以及缺乏与减毒或灭活疫苗相关的自身佐剂免疫调节成分，常常导致免疫原性较弱。免疫佐剂是增强对疫苗的特异性免疫反应的物质。将疫苗与强效佐剂一起配制是提高由亚单位抗原组成的疫苗性能的一种有吸引力的方法。佐剂具有多种作用机制，应根据给药途径以及特定疫苗所需的免疫反应类型（抗体、细胞介导或黏膜免疫）来选择使用。
