History of mechanical circulatory support.

End-stage heart failure exerts a tremendous impact on individuals and society in terms of personal and economic suffering. The development of mechanical circulatory support devices has been driven by the shortage of donor organs for heart transplantation. Collaborative efforts in the fields of surgery, medicine, and biomedical engineering, sponsored by both government and industry, have led to devices capable of providing reliable circulatory support. Future mechanical cardiac assist devices will likely play an important role in the treatment of an ever-growing population of patients with end-stage heart failure.