Berti A E, Garattoni C, Venturini B
Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr. 2000 Aug;126(3):293-318.
Children's understanding of sadness and guilt and of guilt and shame were examined in two separate studies, each involving a total of 60 Italian children aged 5-6, 7-8, and 9-10 years. For each emotion, the children were individually interviewed; they were asked to describe antecedents, thoughts characterizing the emotion that was the subject of the interview, and the action tendencies a person might use in response to the emotion. The children were also asked if, and if so, how, the presence of a parent might affect the emotion, and how they would cope with the situation. Results showed that at all the ages considered in this study, the children knew about the three emotions, although there were some age differences related to the depth of their understanding. Such data show that children's understanding of social emotions occurs earlier than claimed in previous studies that have focused mainly on antecedents.
在两项独立研究中，对儿童对悲伤与内疚以及内疚与羞耻的理解进行了考察，每项研究共有60名5至6岁、7至8岁和9至10岁的意大利儿童参与。对于每种情绪，研究人员对儿童进行了单独访谈；要求他们描述引发情绪的前因、作为访谈主题的那种情绪所具有的典型想法，以及一个人可能会用来应对该情绪的行动倾向。研究人员还询问儿童父母的在场是否会影响这种情绪（若有影响），会如何影响，以及他们会如何应对这种情况。结果表明，在本研究涵盖的所有年龄段中，儿童都了解这三种情绪，尽管在理解深度方面存在一些年龄差异。这些数据表明，儿童对社会情绪的理解比之前主要关注前因的研究所声称的出现得更早。
