Brugha R, Varvasovszky Z
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.
Health Policy Plan. 2000 Sep;15(3):239-46. doi: 10.1093/heapol/15.3.239.
The growing popularity of stakeholder analysis reflects an increasing recognition of how the characteristics of stakeholders--individuals, groups and organizations--influence decision-making processes. This paper reviews the origins and uses of stakeholder analysis, as described in the policy, health care management and development literature. Its roots are in the political and policy sciences, and in management theory where it has evolved into a systematic tool with clearly defined steps and applications for scanning the current and future organizational environment. Stakeholder analysis can be used to generate knowledge about the relevant actors so as to understand their behaviour, intentions, interrelations, agendas, interests, and the influence or resources they have brought--or could bring--to bear on decision-making processes. This information can then be used to develop strategies for managing these stakeholders, to facilitate the implementation of specific decisions or organizational objectives, or to understand the policy context and assess the feasibility of future policy directions. Policy development is a complex process which frequently takes place in an unstable and rapidly changing context, subject to unpredictable internal and external factors. As a cross-sectional view of an evolving picture, the utility of stakeholder analysis for predicting and managing the future is time-limited and it should be complemented by other policy analysis approaches.
利益相关者分析日益受到欢迎，这反映出人们越来越认识到利益相关者（个人、团体和组织）的特征如何影响决策过程。本文回顾了政策、医疗保健管理和发展文献中所描述的利益相关者分析的起源和用途。其根源在于政治和政策科学以及管理理论，在管理理论中它已发展成为一种具有明确步骤和应用的系统工具，用于审视当前和未来的组织环境。利益相关者分析可用于生成有关相关行为者的知识，以便了解他们的行为、意图、相互关系、议程、利益以及他们已经——或可能——对决策过程施加影响的影响力或资源。然后，这些信息可用于制定管理这些利益相关者的策略，以促进具体决策或组织目标的实施，或了解政策背景并评估未来政策方向的可行性。政策制定是一个复杂的过程，经常在不稳定且迅速变化的背景下进行，受到不可预测的内部和外部因素的影响。作为对不断变化情况的横断面观察，利益相关者分析在预测和管理未来方面的效用是有限的，应该用其他政策分析方法加以补充。
