Wade T D, Kendler K S
Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0126, USA.
Psychol Med. 2000 Nov;30(6):1303-13. doi: 10.1017/s0033291799003013.
Previous studies of parental discipline have identified little influence of heritability on parental control, and some influence of gene-environment correlations, shared environment and child temperament.
Using interview data from 2003 female twins from a population-based twin registry and 1472 of their parents, we examined reports of parental discipline from four perspectives: (1) father and mother reporting separately on the type of discipline they provided for their offspring; (2) each twin reporting on the type of discipline they received from their parents; (3) each parent reporting on the discipline provided by their spouse; and, (4) each twin reporting on the discipline they provided for their own offspring. Using factor analysis and univariate structural equation modelling, we examined the structure of parental discipline, and the genetic and environmental influences thereon.
The seven discipline items yielded two factors, physical discipline and limit setting, which were moderately positively correlated. Parents perceived discipline as largely a common environmental experience for the twins, whereas the twins indicated that discipline was influenced by unique environmental factors and the genotype of the child. Twins as parents indicated no influence of shared environment on discipline, with the majority of influence accounted for by non-shared environment and parental genotype.
Parents recall providing similar discipline to their children, whereas children emphasize the differences in parental discipline. Sources of individual variation in parental discipline vary according to which family member report is examined. In total, parental discipline is partially influenced by the genotype of both the parent and child, and by environmental factors shared by the twins and unique to the individual.
先前关于父母管教的研究发现，遗传力对父母控制的影响很小，而基因-环境相关性、共享环境和孩子气质有一定影响。
利用来自基于人群的双胞胎登记处的2003对女性双胞胎及其1472名父母的访谈数据，我们从四个角度考察了父母管教的报告：（1）父亲和母亲分别报告他们对子女采用的管教类型；（2）每对双胞胎报告他们从父母那里受到的管教类型；（3）每位父母报告其配偶实施的管教；以及，（4）每对双胞胎报告他们对自己子女采用的管教。通过因子分析和单变量结构方程建模，我们考察了父母管教的结构及其遗传和环境影响。
七个管教项目产生了两个因子，即身体惩罚和设定限制，它们呈中度正相关。父母认为管教在很大程度上是双胞胎共同的环境体验，而双胞胎则表示管教受独特环境因素和孩子基因型的影响。作为父母的双胞胎表示共享环境对管教没有影响，大部分影响由非共享环境和父母基因型造成。
父母回忆起对孩子采用了相似的管教方式，而孩子则强调父母管教的差异。父母管教中个体差异的来源因所考察的家庭成员报告而异。总体而言，父母管教部分受父母和孩子的基因型以及双胞胎共享的和个体特有的环境因素影响。
