Chen S, Lee-Chai A Y, Bargh J A
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2001 Feb;80(2):173-87. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.173.
This research examined the hypothesis that the concept of power is mentally associated with different goals for individuals with a communal versus an exchange relationship orientation (M. S. Clark & J. Mills, 1979). It was predicted that communals associate power with social-responsibility goals, whereas exchangers link power with self-interest goals. Thus, when power is activated, distinct goals should be ignited for communals and exchangers. Power was primed unobtrusively using semantic cues in Study 1 and using naturally occurring, environmental cues in Studies 2 and 3. Across studies, power-primed communals responded in socially responsible ways, whereas power-primed exchangers acted more in line with their self-interests. These power-goal effects occurred nonconsciously. Overall, the data support taking a Person x Situation approach--one that allows for moderators such as relationship orientation--to understand power's positive and negative effects.
对于具有 communal 关系导向和 exchange 关系导向的个体而言，权力概念在心理上与不同的目标相关联（M. S. 克拉克和 J. 米尔斯，1979）。研究预测，具有 communal 关系导向的人将权力与社会责任目标联系起来，而具有 exchange 关系导向的人则将权力与自身利益目标联系起来。因此，当权力被激活时，对于具有 communal 关系导向和 exchange 关系导向的人来说，应该会引发不同的目标。在研究 1 中，通过语义线索不显眼地启动权力，在研究 2 和 3 中，利用自然出现的环境线索启动权力。在各项研究中，被启动权力的具有 communal 关系导向的人以对社会负责的方式做出反应，而被启动权力的具有 exchange 关系导向的人则更多地按照自身利益行事。这些权力 - 目标效应是在无意识的情况下发生的。总体而言，数据支持采用人 x 情境的方法——一种考虑到关系导向等调节因素的方法——来理解权力的积极和消极影响。
