Willner P., Jones C.
Department of Psychology, University of Wales, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
Behav Pharmacol. 1996 Aug;7(4):355-363. doi: 10.1097/00008877-199608000-00007.
Cigarette cravings were evaluated in a sample of moderately heavy smokers, using the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU), and a progressive-ratio (PR) operant procedure in which responding on a computer keyboard was reinforced by puffs on a cigarette, under a progressively increasing work requirement. Subjects were also exposed to musical mood-induction procedures: the induction and maintenance of depressed and elated mood states was confirmed by visual analogue scales and a mood questionnaire. Smoking did not alter mood state. However, relative to the elated condition, induction of a depressed mood caused increases in both QSU scores and measures of PR performance. The results provide the first experimental confirmation of a causal relationship between depressed mood and cigarette craving.
