Squire L R, Clark R E, Knowlton B J
Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA.
Hippocampus. 2001;11(1):50-5. doi: 10.1002/1098-1063(2001)11:1<50::AID-HIPO1019>3.0.CO;2-G.
In humans, the phenomenon of temporally graded retrograde amnesia has been described in the clinic and the laboratory for more than 100 years. In the 1990s, retrograde amnesia began to be studied prospectively in experimental animals. We identified 13 published studies in which animals were given equivalent training at two or more separate times before damage to the fornix or hippocampal formation. Eleven of these studies found temporally graded retrograde amnesia, with the extent of amnesia ranging from several days to a month or two. We consider these studies and also suggest why temporally graded retrograde amnesia has sometimes not been observed. Although the evidence in favor of temporally graded retrograde amnesia is substantial, the inference from this work, that memory is reorganized as time passes, is rather vague and depends on mechanisms yet to be identified. It is therefore encouraging that many opportunities exist for moving beyond purely descriptive studies to studies that involve treatments or manipulations directed toward yielding information about mechanisms.
在人类中，时间梯度性逆行性遗忘现象在临床和实验室中已有100多年的描述。20世纪90年代，逆行性遗忘开始在实验动物中进行前瞻性研究。我们检索到13项已发表的研究，这些研究中，动物在穹窿或海马结构受损前，于两个或更多不同时间接受了等量训练。其中11项研究发现了时间梯度性逆行性遗忘，遗忘程度从数天到一两个月不等。我们对这些研究进行了考量，并指出了有时未观察到时间梯度性逆行性遗忘的原因。尽管支持时间梯度性逆行性遗忘的证据很充分，但从这项研究得出的记忆随时间推移而重组的推论相当模糊，且依赖于尚未确定的机制。因此，令人鼓舞的是，有很多机会可以从单纯的描述性研究转向涉及治疗或操作的研究，以获取有关机制的信息。
