Modulation of cytosolic calcium levels of human lymphocytes by yessotoxin, a novel marine phycotoxin.

Yessotoxin (YTX) is a polyether toxin of marine origin that has been classified among the diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins group due to its lipophilic nature. However, unlike other DSP toxins, YTX does not produce diarrhea and its mechanisms of action are unknown. We studied the effect of YTX on the cytosolic calcium levels of freshly isolated human lymphocytes by means of fluorescence imaging microscopy. We showed that YTX produced a calcium influx through nifedipine and SKF 96365 (1-[beta-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxyl]-4-methoxyphenyl]-1H-imidazole hydrochloride)-sensitive channels. This Ca2+ entry was not affected by the DSP toxin okadaic acid, which inhibits protein phosphatases. In addition, YTX also produced an inhibition of capacitative calcium entry activated by thapsigargin or by preincubation in a Ca2+-free medium. This capacitative calcium entry was not sensitive to nifedipine. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of YTX was dependent on the time of addition of the toxin. We suggest that YTX may interact with calcium channels in a way similar to that described for other polyether marine compounds such as brevetoxins and maitotoxin, although an involvement of other second messengers is also likely.