European best practice guidelines for renal transplantation. Section IV: Long-term management of the transplant recipient. IV.6.3. Cancer risk after renal transplantation. Solid organ cancers: prevention and treatment.

J. All renal transplant recipients should have regular ultrasonography of their native kidneys (when applicable) for screening of renal cell carcinomas, which are observed at much higher incidence in both dialysed and transplant patients. K. Guidelines published for screening and prevention of solid organ cancers in the general population should be strictly applied to transplant recipients, who are in general at higher cancer risk, but would benefit equally or even greater. L. All male renal transplant recipients aged 50 and over should have a yearly prostate specific antigen (PSA) test prior to a regular digital rectal examination. M. All female renal transplant recipients should have a yearly cervical (PAP) smear together with regular pelvic examination and regular mammography, according to national recommendations where available. N. All renal transplant recipients should undergo a faecal occult-blood testing as a screening for colorectal cancer and other (pre-malignant) lesions, according to national recommendations where available. O. In all these conditions, it is recommended to reduce immunosuppression whenever possible.