Vossen Mireille T M, Westerhout Ellen M, Söderberg-Nauclér Cécilia, Wiertz Emmanuel J H J
Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Immunogenetics. 2002 Nov;54(8):527-42. doi: 10.1007/s00251-002-0493-1. Epub 2002 Oct 24.
Coexistence of viruses and their hosts imposes an evolutionary pressure on both the virus and the host immune system. On the one hand, the host has developed an immune system able to attack viruses and virally infected cells, whereas on the other hand, viruses have developed an array of immune evasion mechanisms to escape killing by the host's immune system. Generally, the larger the viral genome, the more diverse mechanisms are utilized to extend the time-window for viral replication and spreading of virus particles. In addition, herpesviruses have the capacity to hide from the immune system by their ability to establish latency. The strategies of immune evasion are directed towards three divisions of the immune system, i.e., the humoral immune response, the cellular immune response and immune effector functions. Members of the herpesvirus family are capable of interfering with the host's immune system at almost every level of immune clearance. Antibody recognition of viral epitopes, presentation of viral peptides by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules, the recruitment of immune effector cells, complement activation, and apoptosis can all be impaired by herpesviruses. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge of viral evasion mechanisms.
病毒与其宿主的共存对病毒和宿主免疫系统都施加了进化压力。一方面，宿主已发展出能够攻击病毒和病毒感染细胞的免疫系统，而另一方面，病毒已发展出一系列免疫逃避机制以逃避宿主免疫系统的杀灭。一般来说，病毒基因组越大，用于延长病毒复制时间窗口和病毒颗粒传播的机制就越多样。此外，疱疹病毒有能力通过建立潜伏来躲避免疫系统。免疫逃避策略针对免疫系统的三个部分，即体液免疫反应、细胞免疫反应和免疫效应功能。疱疹病毒家族成员几乎能够在免疫清除的每个层面干扰宿主免疫系统。病毒表位的抗体识别、主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）I类和II类分子呈递病毒肽、免疫效应细胞的募集、补体激活以及细胞凋亡都可能被疱疹病毒损害。本综述旨在总结当前关于病毒逃避机制的知识。
