Kolari M, Nuutinen J, Rainey F A, Salkinoja-Salonen M S
Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56 (Biocenter), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003 Apr;30(4):225-38. doi: 10.1007/s10295-003-0047-z. Epub 2003 Apr 17.
Biofilms cause several problems in papermaking. This report describes a microbiological survey of colored biofilms in six paper and board machines, including two case studies of outbreaks of colored slimes in which the causative bacteria were found. A total of 95 pink-, red-, orange- or yellow-pigmented strains were isolated. Nearly all (99%) of the strains grew at 52 degrees C, 72% grew at 56 degrees C, but only 30% grew at 28 degrees C, indicating that most of the strains were moderately thermophilic. Biofilm formation potential and biocide susceptibility of the strains were analyzed with a microtiter plate assay. In the presence of 5 ppm of methylene bisthiocyanate or 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide in paper-machine water, 55 strains formed biofims. Moreover, 39 strains increased biofilm production by 5-753% in the presence of biocide, suggesting that biocide concentrations inhibitory to planktonic but not to surface-attached cells may actually promote biofouling. The cells may have inactivated a portion of the biocides, as the cell density in this assay was high, corresponding to the highest cell densities occurring in the circulating waters. Four groups of colored bacteria that were isolated from several mills were identified. Pink-pigmented Deinococcus geothermalis and red-pigmented Meiothermus silvanus occurred as common primary biofilm-formers in paper machines. This report is the first description of the involvement of Meiothermus species in red-slime formation in the paper industry. The third group of bacteria (putative new species related to Roseomonas) contained strains that were not biofilm formers, but which were commonly found in slimes of neutral or alkaline machines. The fourth group contained red-pigmented biofilm-forming strains representing a novel genus of alpha- Proteobacteria related to Rhodobacter. Many colored paper-machine bacteria are species previously known from microbial mats of hot springs. Some characteristics of the bacterial groups are described here in order to facilitate their recognition in future cases of colored-slime outbreaks in the paper industry.
生物膜在造纸过程中会引发诸多问题。本报告描述了对六台造纸机和纸板机中有色生物膜的微生物学调查，其中包括两起有色黏液暴发的案例研究，在这些案例中发现了致病细菌。共分离出95株粉红色、红色、橙色或黄色色素产生菌。几乎所有（99%）的菌株能在52摄氏度下生长，72%能在56摄氏度下生长，但只有30%能在28摄氏度下生长，这表明大多数菌株为中度嗜热菌。采用微量滴定板分析法对菌株的生物膜形成潜力和对杀菌剂的敏感性进行了分析。在造纸机用水中存在5 ppm的亚甲基双硫氰酸酯或2,2 - 二溴 - 3 - 腈基丙酰胺时，55株菌株形成了生物膜。此外，39株菌株在有杀菌剂存在的情况下生物膜产量增加了5%至753%，这表明抑制浮游细胞但不抑制附着在表面细胞的杀菌剂浓度实际上可能会促进生物污垢的形成。由于该分析中的细胞密度较高，与循环水中出现的最高细胞密度相对应，细胞可能使部分杀菌剂失活。从几家工厂分离出的四组有色细菌得到了鉴定。粉红色色素产生菌嗜热栖热放线菌和红色色素产生菌森林栖热栖热放线菌是造纸机中常见的主要生物膜形成菌。本报告首次描述了栖热栖热放线菌属物种参与造纸工业中红色黏液的形成。第三组细菌（与玫瑰单胞菌属相关的假定新物种）包含的菌株不是生物膜形成菌，但在中性或碱性机器的黏液中普遍存在。第四组包含形成红色色素的生物膜形成菌株，代表了一个与红杆菌属相关的新型α - 变形菌属。许多造纸机中的有色细菌是先前在温泉微生物垫中已知的物种。这里描述了细菌群体的一些特征，以便在未来造纸工业有色黏液暴发的案例中便于识别它们。
