Saczalski Kenneth J, Sances Anthony, Kumaresan Srirangam, Burton Joseph L, Lewis Paul R
Environmental Research & Safety Technologists, Inc., Newport Beach, CA, USA.
Biomed Sci Instrum. 2003;39:259-65.
In the mid 1990's the U.S. Department of Transportation made recommendations to place children and infants into the rear seating areas of motor vehicles to avoid front seat airbag induced injuries and fatalities. In most rear-impacts, however, the adult occupied front seats will collapse into the rear occupant area and pose another potentially serious injury hazard to the rear-seated children. Since rear-impacts involve a wide range of speeds, impact severity, and various sizes of adults in collapsing front seats, a multi-variable experimental method was employed in conjunction with a multi-level "factorial analysis" technique to study injury potential of rear-seated children. Various sizes of Hybrid III adult surrogates, seated in a "typical" average strength collapsing type of front seat, and a three-year-old Hybrid III child surrogate, seated on a built-in booster seat located directly behind the front adult occupant, were tested at various impact severity levels in a popular "minivan" sled-buck test set up. A total of five test configurations were utilized in this study. Three levels of velocity changes ranging from 22.5 to 42.5 kph were used. The average of peak accelerations on the sled-buck tests ranged from approximately 8.2 G's up to about 11.1 G's, with absolute peak values of just over 14 G's at the higher velocity change. The parameters of the test configuration enabled the experimental data to be combined into a polynomial "injury" function of the two primary independent variables (i.e. front seat adult occupant weight and velocity change) so that the "likelihood" of rear child "injury potential" could be determined over a wide range of the key parameters. The experimentally derived head injury data was used to obtain a preliminary HIC (Head Injury Criteria) polynomial fit at the 900 level for the rear-seated child. Several actual accident cases were compared with the preliminary polynomial fit. This study provides a test efficient, multi-variable, method to compare the injury biomechanical data with actual accident cases.
20世纪90年代中期，美国运输部建议将儿童和婴儿安置在机动车的后排座位区域，以避免前排安全气囊造成的伤害和死亡。然而，在大多数追尾事故中，前排乘坐的成年人座椅会向后排乘客区域塌陷，对后排儿童构成另一种潜在的严重伤害危险。由于追尾事故涉及广泛的速度、撞击严重程度以及不同体型的成年人坐在塌陷的前排座椅上，因此采用了多变量实验方法，并结合多级“因子分析”技术来研究后排儿童的受伤可能性。将各种体型的Hybrid III成人模拟物安置在一个“典型”的平均强度塌陷型前排座椅上，将一个三岁的Hybrid III儿童模拟物安置在位于前排成人乘客正后方的内置增高座椅上，在一个流行的“小型货车”雪橇-座椅试验装置中，以不同的撞击严重程度级别进行测试。本研究总共采用了五种测试配置。使用了三种速度变化级别，范围从22.5至42.5公里/小时。雪橇-座椅试验中的峰值加速度平均值范围从约8.2G到约11.1G，在较高速度变化时绝对峰值略超过14G。测试配置的参数使实验数据能够组合成两个主要自变量（即前排成人乘客体重和速度变化）的多项式“伤害”函数，从而可以在广泛的关键参数范围内确定后排儿童“受伤可能性”。通过实验得出的头部伤害数据用于获得后排儿童在900级别时的初步头部伤害准则（HIC）多项式拟合。将几个实际事故案例与初步多项式拟合进行了比较。本研究提供了一种测试效率高、多变量的方法，用于将伤害生物力学数据与实际事故案例进行比较。
