Woodman Tim, Hardy Lew
School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK.
J Sports Sci. 2003 Jun;21(6):443-57. doi: 10.1080/0264041031000101809.
This meta-analysis (k = 48) investigated two relationships in competitive sport: (1) state cognitive anxiety with performance and (2) state self-confidence with performance. The cognitive anxiety mean effect size was r = -0.10 (P < 0.05). The self-confidence mean effect size was r = 0.24 (P < 0.001). A paired-samples t-test revealed that the magnitude of the self-confidence mean effect size was significantly greater than that of the cognitive anxiety mean effect size. The moderator variables for the cognitive anxiety-performance relationship were sex and standard of competition. The mean effect size for men (r = -0.22) was significantly greater than the mean effect size for women (r = -0.03). The mean effect size for high-standard competition (r = -0.27) was significantly greater than that for comparatively low-standard competition (r = -0.06). The significant moderator variables for the self-confidence-performance relationship were sex, standard of competition and measurement. The mean effect size for men (r = 0.29) was significantly greater than that for women (r = 0.04) and the mean effect size for high-standard competition (r = 0.33) was significantly greater than that for low-standard competition (r = 0.16). The mean effect size derived from studies employing the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (r = 0.19) was significantly smaller than the mean effect size derived from studies using other measures of self-confidence (r = 0.38). Measurement issues are discussed and future research directions are offered in light of the results.
这项荟萃分析（k = 48）研究了竞技运动中的两种关系：（1）状态认知焦虑与表现的关系，以及（2）状态自信与表现的关系。认知焦虑的平均效应大小为r = -0.10（P < 0.05）。自信的平均效应大小为r = 0.24（P < 0.001）。配对样本t检验显示，自信平均效应大小的幅度显著大于认知焦虑平均效应大小的幅度。认知焦虑与表现关系的调节变量是性别和比赛水平。男性的平均效应大小（r = -0.22）显著大于女性的平均效应大小（r = -0.03）。高标准比赛的平均效应大小（r = -0.27）显著大于相对低标准比赛的平均效应大小（r = -0.06）。自信与表现关系的显著调节变量是性别、比赛水平和测量方式。男性的平均效应大小（r = 0.29）显著大于女性的平均效应大小（r = 0.04），高标准比赛的平均效应大小（r = 0.33）显著大于低标准比赛的平均效应大小（r = 0.16）。采用《竞赛状态焦虑量表-2》的研究得出的平均效应大小（r = 0.19）显著小于使用其他自信测量方法的研究得出的平均效应大小（r = 0.38）。文中讨论了测量问题，并根据研究结果提出了未来的研究方向。
