Perkins-Ceccato Natalie, Passmore Steve R, Lee Timothy D
Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
J Sports Sci. 2003 Aug;21(8):593-600. doi: 10.1080/0264041031000101980.
In this study, we examined the influence of internal and external attention instructions on the performance of a pitch shot by golfers who were either highly skilled (mean handicap = 4) or low skilled (mean handicap = 26). Ten golfers in each skill group used a 9-iron to pitch a ball as close as possible to an orange pylon, which was located at distances of 10, 15, 20 or 25 m from the golfer. Focus of attention was manipulated within participants (counterbalanced across golfers). Under internal focus of attention instructions, the participants were told to concentrate on the form of the golf swing and to adjust the force of their swing depending on the distance of the shot. For the external focus of attention conditions, the participants were told to concentrate on hitting the ball as close to the target pylon as possible. The most intriguing finding was an interaction of skill with focus of attention instructions for variability in performance. Similar to the findings of Wulf and colleagues, the highly skilled golfers performed better with external attention instructions than with internal focus instructions. In contrast, the low-skill golfers performed better with the internal than with the external focus of attention instructions. These findings are discussed relative to theoretical issues in motor learning and practical issues for golf instruction.
在本研究中，我们考察了内部和外部注意力指令对高技能（平均差点 = 4）或低技能（平均差点 = 26）高尔夫球手击球表现的影响。每个技能组的10名高尔夫球手使用9号铁杆将球尽可能靠近橙色标杆击出，橙色标杆距离球手分别为10米、15米、20米或25米。注意力焦点在参与者内部进行操纵（在高尔夫球手中进行平衡）。在内部注意力焦点指令下，参与者被告知专注于高尔夫挥杆的形式，并根据击球距离调整挥杆力度。对于外部注意力焦点条件，参与者被告知专注于将球击得尽可能靠近目标标杆。最有趣的发现是技能与注意力焦点指令在表现变异性方面的交互作用。与伍尔夫及其同事的研究结果相似，高技能高尔夫球手在外部注意力指令下的表现优于内部注意力指令。相比之下，低技能高尔夫球手在内部注意力焦点指令下的表现优于外部注意力焦点指令。我们将结合运动学习中的理论问题和高尔夫教学中的实际问题来讨论这些发现。
