Gender differences in tardive dyskinesia: a critical review of the literature.

We analyzed data from 76 selected studies on prevalence of tardive dyskinesia (TD), published through 1989. The primary focus was on gender differences. The overall prevalence of TD in the 39,187 patients included in these reports was 24.2 percent, and prevalence was significantly higher in women (26.6%) than in men (21.6%). The gender difference in TD prevalence appeared to narrow intriguingly in more recent studies. Overall, the TD prevalence seemed to reach its peak in the 50-70-year-old age group in men and continued to rise after age 70 in women. Also, women tended to have more severe TD than men. Spontaneous dyskinesia too was found to be more common in women. The material was also analyzed for cultural differences by comparing studies in four continents: North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Although grouping together studies from different countries in a continent into a single group is somewhat problematic, we found that Asian patients had lower prevalence of TD than North American, European, and African patients. Limitations of our review (including differences among studies in diagnostic criteria, observer bias, etc.) as well as possible explanations for the reported differences in the risk for TD are discussed.