Pomerleau Ovide F, Fagerström Karl-Olov, Marks Judith L, Tate James C, Pomerleau Cynthia S
Nicotine Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2003 Oct;5(5):711-8. doi: 10.1080/1462220031000158627.
Positive- and negative-reinforcement consequences of smoking were assessed using a self-report inventory. Data from 429 current smokers (348 women, 81 men) were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis, with concurrent validation of resulting scales in 288 current smokers (235 women, 53 men), controlling for sex and age. The solution with three factors--positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and smoking patterns--provided the clearest and most interpretable factor solution. The Michigan Nicotine Reinforcement Questionnaire (M-NRQ), which yields positive- and negative-reinforcement scales, was developed based on these results. Positive-reinforcement smoking was associated with higher scores on novelty seeking, reward dependence, alcohol dependence, and pleasurable sensations upon early smoking experimentation, and with lower scores on displeasurable sensations and nausea upon early smoking experimentation. Negative-reinforcement smoking was associated with higher scores for nicotine dependence, depression, anxiety, and harm avoidance. The M-NRQ has potential as a diagnostic tool for individualizing behavioral intervention and pharmacotherapy and also may be useful in identifying new phenotypes for genetic research on smoking.
使用一份自我报告量表评估吸烟的正性和负性强化后果。对429名当前吸烟者（348名女性，81名男性）的数据进行探索性因素分析，并在288名当前吸烟者（235名女性，53名男性）中对所得量表进行同时效度验证，控制性别和年龄因素。具有三个因素（正性强化、负性强化和吸烟模式）的解决方案提供了最清晰且最具可解释性的因素分析结果。基于这些结果开发了密歇根尼古丁强化问卷（M-NRQ），该问卷可得出正性和负性强化量表。正性强化吸烟与新奇寻求、奖赏依赖、酒精依赖得分较高以及早期吸烟尝试时的愉悦感相关，与早期吸烟尝试时的不适感和恶心得分较低相关。负性强化吸烟与尼古丁依赖、抑郁、焦虑和回避伤害得分较高相关。M-NRQ有潜力作为一种诊断工具，用于个性化行为干预和药物治疗，也可能有助于识别吸烟遗传研究的新表型。
