Hayden Frederick G
University of Virginia School of Medicine, Hospital Drive, Private Clinics Building, Room 6557, PO Box 800473, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
Rev Med Virol. 2004 Jan-Feb;14(1):17-31. doi: 10.1002/rmv.406.
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are well-recognised causes of common colds and associated upper respiratory tract complications such as sinusitis and otitis media. This article reviews information linking HRV infection to illness in the lower respiratory tract. HRVs are capable of efficient replication in vitro at temperatures present in the tracheobronchial tree and have been shown to cause productive infection, elaboration of cytokines and chemokines, and up-regulation of cell surface markers in human bronchial epithelial cells. In situ hybridisation studies have proven that HRV infection occurs in the tracheobronchial tree following experimental infection. Clinical studies report that HRV infection is the second most frequently recognised agent associated with pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children and commonly causes exacerbations of pre-existing airways disease in those with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cystic fibrosis. HRV infection is associated with one-third to one-half of asthma exacerbations depending on age and is linked to asthma hospitalisations in both adults and children. Limited information implicates HRV infection as a cause of severe lower respiratory tract illness in older adults and in highly immunocompromised hosts, particularly bone marrow transplant recipients. More information is needed about the pathogenesis of HRV infection with regard to lower respiratory tract complications in these diverse patient groups. Given the large unmet medical need associated with HRV infections, safe and effective antiviral agents are needed for both prevention and treatment of these infections.
人鼻病毒（HRV）是引起普通感冒及相关上呼吸道并发症（如鼻窦炎和中耳炎）的常见病因。本文综述了将HRV感染与下呼吸道疾病相关联的信息。HRV能够在气管支气管树的温度下于体外高效复制，并且已被证明可在人支气管上皮细胞中引起有效感染、细胞因子和趋化因子的产生以及细胞表面标志物的上调。原位杂交研究已证实，实验感染后HRV感染发生在气管支气管树中。临床研究报告称，HRV感染是婴幼儿肺炎和细支气管炎的第二常见病原体，并且通常会使哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病或囊性纤维化患者的原有气道疾病加重。根据年龄不同，HRV感染与三分之一至二分之一的哮喘发作有关，并且与成人和儿童的哮喘住院治疗有关。有限的信息表明，HRV感染是老年人和高度免疫功能低下宿主（尤其是骨髓移植受者）严重下呼吸道疾病的病因。关于这些不同患者群体中下呼吸道并发症方面的HRV感染发病机制，还需要更多信息。鉴于与HRV感染相关的巨大未满足医疗需求，预防和治疗这些感染都需要安全有效的抗病毒药物。
