Quamme Joel R, Yonelinas Andrew P, Widaman Keith F, Kroll Neal E A, Sauvé Mary J
Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Neuropsychologia. 2004;42(5):672-91. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.09.008.
To test theories of explicit memory in amnesia, we examined the effect of hypoxia on memory performance in a group of 56 survivors of sudden cardiac arrest. Structural equation modeling revealed that a single-factor explanation of recall and recognition was insufficient to account for performance, thus contradicting single-process models of explicit memory. A dual-process model of recall in which two processes (e.g., declarative memory and controlled search) contribute to recall performance, whereas only one process (e.g., declarative memory) underlies recognition performance, also failed to explain the results adequately. In contrast, a dual-process model of recognition provided an acceptable account of the data. In this model, two processes--recollection and familiarity--underlie recognition memory, whereas only the recollection process contributes to free recall. The best-fitting model was one in which hypoxia and aging led to deficits in recollection, but left familiarity unaffected. Moreover, a controlled search process was correlated with recollection, but was not associated with familiarity or the severity of hypoxia. The results support models of explicit memory in which recollection depends on the hippocampus and frontal lobes, whereas familiarity-based recognition relies on other brain regions.
为了验证关于失忆症中显性记忆的理论，我们对56名心脏骤停幸存者进行了研究，考察了缺氧对记忆表现的影响。结构方程模型显示，用单一因素来解释回忆和识别不足以说明记忆表现，这与显性记忆的单过程模型相矛盾。回忆的双过程模型认为有两个过程（如陈述性记忆和控制性搜索）对回忆表现有影响，而只有一个过程（如陈述性记忆）是识别表现的基础，但该模型也未能充分解释研究结果。相比之下，识别的双过程模型能够较好地解释这些数据。在这个模型中，识别记忆基于两个过程——回忆和熟悉度，而只有回忆过程对自由回忆有影响。拟合度最佳的模型表明，缺氧和衰老会导致回忆能力下降，但不会影响熟悉度。此外，控制性搜索过程与回忆相关，但与熟悉度或缺氧严重程度无关。这些结果支持了显性记忆模型，即回忆依赖于海马体和额叶，而基于熟悉度的识别则依赖于其他脑区。
