Xiao Lihua, Fayer Ronald, Ryan Una, Upton Steve J
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, USA.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004 Jan;17(1):72-97. doi: 10.1128/CMR.17.1.72-97.2004.
There has been an explosion of descriptions of new species of Cryptosporidium during the last two decades. This has been accompanied by confusion regarding the criteria for species designation, largely because of the lack of distinct morphologic differences and strict host specificity among Cryptosporidium spp. A review of the biologic species concept, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and current practices for Cryptosporidium species designation calls for the establishment of guidelines for naming Cryptosporidium species. All reports of new Cryptosporidium species should include at least four basic components: oocyst morphology, natural host specificity, genetic characterizations, and compliance with the ICZN. Altogether, 13 Cryptosporidium spp. are currently recognized: C. muris, C. andersoni, C. parvum, C. hominis, C. wrairi, C. felis, and C. cannis in mammals; C. baïleyi, C. meleagridis, and C. galli in birds; C. serpentis and C. saurophilum in reptiles; and C. molnari in fish. With the establishment of a framework for naming Cryptosporidium species and the availability of new taxonomic tools, there should be less confusion associated with the taxonomy of the genus Cryptosporidium. The clarification of Cryptosporidium taxonomy is also useful for understanding the biology of Cryptosporidium spp., assessing the public health significance of Cryptosporidium spp. in animals and the environment, characterizing transmission dynamics, and tracking infection and contamination sources.
在过去二十年中，隐孢子虫新物种的描述呈爆发式增长。与此同时，关于物种命名标准出现了混乱，这主要是因为隐孢子虫各物种之间缺乏明显的形态学差异以及严格的宿主特异性。对生物物种概念、《国际动物命名法规》（ICZN）以及当前隐孢子虫物种命名实践进行回顾后发现，需要制定隐孢子虫物种命名指南。所有关于隐孢子虫新物种的报告应至少包含四个基本要素：卵囊形态、天然宿主特异性、遗传特征以及符合《国际动物命名法规》。目前共确认了13种隐孢子虫：哺乳动物中的鼠隐孢子虫、安氏隐孢子虫、微小隐孢子虫、人隐孢子虫、韦氏隐孢子虫、猫隐孢子虫和犬隐孢子虫；鸟类中的贝氏隐孢子虫、火鸡隐孢子虫和鸡隐孢子虫；爬行动物中的蛇隐孢子虫和嗜蜥隐孢子虫；以及鱼类中的莫氏隐孢子虫。随着隐孢子虫物种命名框架的建立以及新分类工具的出现，隐孢子虫属的分类学混乱情况应会减少。隐孢子虫分类学的明确对于理解隐孢子虫各物种的生物学特性、评估动物和环境中隐孢子虫各物种对公共卫生的重要性、描述传播动态以及追踪感染和污染源也很有用。
