Shitandi Anakalo, Sternesjö Ase
Department of Food Science, Egerton University Njoro, PO Box 536, Njoro, Kenya.
J Food Prot. 2004 Feb;67(2):399-402. doi: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.2.399.
The study investigated factors contributing to the occurrence of antimicrobial drug residues in milk within four major milk production districts in Kenya. The frequency of contamination was studied among small- and large-scale dairy producers to determine if there were differences between the two types of producers. Field samples (n = 1,600) were analyzed with the improved Dutch tube diffusion test, a microbial inhibitor test (Bacillus stearothermophilus). In total, 144 and 64 samples from small- and large-scale producers, respectively, were found to contain beta-lactam antibiotics at levels exceeding the established Codex maximum residue level for penicillin G (4 microg/kg). The difference in results between the two categories of producers was found to be significant (P < 0.001). To explain the higher frequency of antibiotic contamination of milk from small-scale producers, a questionnaire was constructed and used with 220 randomly selected smallholders in the selected districts. The results suggested (i) lack of understanding of risks related to antibiotic contamination of food, (ii) poor or no treatment records, and (iii) lack of a monitoring system as major risks for contamination. It was concluded that intensification of the education among small-scale dairy producers would greatly reduce the occurrence of antimicrobial residues in milk.
该研究调查了肯尼亚四个主要牛奶生产区牛奶中出现抗菌药物残留的影响因素。对小规模和大规模乳制品生产商的污染频率进行了研究，以确定这两类生产商之间是否存在差异。使用改良的荷兰试管扩散试验（一种微生物抑制剂试验，嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌）对1600份现场样本进行了分析。总共发现，小规模生产商的144份样本和大规模生产商的64份样本中，β-内酰胺类抗生素含量超过了食品法典委员会规定的青霉素G最大残留限量（4微克/千克）。结果发现，这两类生产商的结果差异显著（P < 0.001）。为了解释小规模生产商牛奶抗生素污染频率较高的原因，编制了一份问卷，并在选定地区对220名随机挑选的小农户进行了调查。结果表明，（i）对食品抗生素污染相关风险缺乏了解，（ii）治疗记录不佳或没有记录，以及（iii）缺乏监测系统是污染的主要风险。研究得出结论，加强小规模乳制品生产商的教育将大大减少牛奶中抗菌药物残留的发生。
