Poiger Thomas, Buser Hans-Rudolf, Balmer Marianne E, Bergqvist Per-Anders, Müller Markus D
Agroscope, Swiss Federal Research Station for Horticulture, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland.
Chemosphere. 2004 May;55(7):951-63. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.01.012.
Consumer care products often contain UV filters, organic compounds which absorb ultraviolet light. These compounds may enter surface waters directly (when released from the skin during swimming and bathing) or indirectly via wastewater treatment plants (when released during showering or washed from textiles). Predicted and measured UV filter concentrations were compared in a regional mass balance study for two Swiss lakes: Lake Zurich, a typical midland lake which is also an important drinking water resource, and Hüttnersee, a small bathing lake. Both lakes are extensively used for recreational activities and considerable direct input of UV filters is thus expected. This input was estimated from the number of visitors at swimming areas around the lakes and a survey of the usage of sunscreen products among these visitors. Possible additional indirect input via wastewater treatment plants was not considered in this study. The quantitatively most important UV filters, as indicated by the survey data, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, octocrylene, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, and benzophenone-3, all lipophilic compounds, were selected for analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Concentrations of individual UV filters in water from Lake Zurich were low, ranging from <2 ng l(-1) (detection limit) to 29 ng l(-1), and somewhat higher at Hüttnersee, ranging from <2 to 125 ng l(-1), with the highest concentrations found in summer, consistent with direct inputs to the lakes during this time. The concentrations were clearly lower than predicted from input estimates based on the surveys. This may be in part due to (i) an overestimation of these inputs (e.g. less than the 50% wash-off of UV filters assumed to occur during swimming), and (ii) some removal of these compounds from the lakes by degradation and/or sorption/sedimentation. UV filters were also detected in semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) deployed at Lake Zurich and Greifensee, another midland lake, at concentrations of 80-950 ng SPMD(-1), confirming the presence of the compounds in surface waters and indicating a certain potential for bioaccumulation. SPMD-derived water concentrations were in the range of 1-10 ng l(-1) and thus corresponded well with those determined in water directly. No UV filters were detected above blank levels in SPMDs deployed at a remote mountain lake used for background measurements.
个人护理产品通常含有紫外线过滤剂，即吸收紫外线的有机化合物。这些化合物可能直接进入地表水（如游泳和沐浴时从皮肤释放）或通过污水处理厂间接进入（如淋浴时释放或从纺织品上冲洗下来）。在一项针对瑞士两个湖泊的区域质量平衡研究中，对紫外线过滤剂的预测浓度和实测浓度进行了比较：苏黎世湖，一个典型的内陆湖泊，也是重要的饮用水源；许特湖，一个小型浴场湖。这两个湖泊都广泛用于娱乐活动，因此预计会有大量紫外线过滤剂的直接输入。这种输入是根据湖泊周边游泳区域的游客数量以及对这些游客防晒产品使用情况的调查估算得出的。本研究未考虑通过污水处理厂可能产生的额外间接输入。根据调查数据，数量上最重要的紫外线过滤剂，如甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯、奥克立林、4-甲基亚苄基樟脑、丁基甲氧基二苯甲酰甲烷和二苯甲酮-3，均为亲脂性化合物，被选作气相色谱-质谱分析对象。苏黎世湖水中单个紫外线过滤剂的浓度较低，范围从<2纳克/升（检测限）到29纳克/升，在许特湖稍高，范围从<2到125纳克/升，夏季浓度最高，这与这段时间向湖泊的直接输入情况一致。这些浓度明显低于根据调查估算的输入量所预测的浓度。这可能部分是由于：（i）对这些输入量的高估（例如，游泳时紫外线过滤剂的冲洗量低于假定的50%），以及（ii）这些化合物通过降解和/或吸附/沉积从湖泊中有所去除。在苏黎世湖和另一个内陆湖泊格赖芬湖部署的半透膜装置（SPMD）中也检测到了紫外线过滤剂，浓度为80 - 950纳克/SPMD（-1），这证实了这些化合物在地表水中的存在，并表明具有一定的生物累积潜力。SPMD得出的水体浓度在1 - 10纳克/升范围内，因此与直接在水中测定的浓度非常吻合。在用于背景测量的偏远山区湖泊部署的SPMD中，未检测到高于空白水平的紫外线过滤剂。
