LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2015 Sep 1;526:278-311. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.055.
UV-filters are a group of compounds designed mainly to protect skin against UVA and UVB radiation, but they are also included in plastics, furniture, etc., to protect products from light damage. Their massive use in sunscreens for skin protection has been increasing due to the awareness of the chronic and acute effects of UV radiation. Some organic UV-filters have raised significant concerns in the past few years for their continuous usage, persistent input and potential threat to ecological environment and human health. UV-filters end up in wastewater and because wastewater treatment plants are not efficient in removing them, lipophilic compounds tend to sorb onto sludge and hydrophilics end up in river water, contaminating the existing biota. To better understand the risk associated with UV-filters in the environment a thorough review regarding their physicochemical properties, toxicity and environmental degradation, analytical methods and their occurrence was conducted. Higher UV-filter concentrations were found in rivers, reaching 0.3mg/L for the most studied family, the benzophenone derivatives. Concentrations in the ng to μg/L range were also detected for the p-aminobenzoic acid, cinnamate, crylene and benzoyl methane derivatives in lake and sea water. Although at lower levels (few ng/L), UV-filters were also found in tap and groundwater. Swimming pool water is also a sink for UV-filters and its chlorine by-products, at the μg/L range, highlighting the benzophenone and benzimidazole derivatives. Soils and sediments are not frequently studied, but concentrations in the μg/L range have already been found especially for the benzophenone and crylene derivatives. Aquatic biota is frequently studied and UV-filters are found in the ng/g-dw range with higher values for fish and mussels. It has been concluded that more information regarding UV-filter degradation studies both in water and sediments is necessary and environmental occurrences should be monitored more frequently and deeply.
紫外线滤光剂是一组主要用于保护皮肤免受 UVA 和 UVB 辐射的化合物，但它们也被添加到塑料、家具等中，以保护产品免受光损害。由于人们意识到紫外线辐射的慢性和急性影响，用于皮肤保护的防晒霜中大量使用紫外线滤光剂的情况一直在增加。过去几年，一些有机紫外线滤光剂因其持续使用、持续输入以及对生态环境和人类健康的潜在威胁而引起了极大关注。紫外线滤光剂最终会进入废水，由于废水处理厂无法有效去除它们，亲脂性化合物往往会吸附在污泥上，而亲水性化合物则会进入河水，污染现有的生物群。为了更好地了解环境中紫外线滤光剂带来的风险，对其物理化学性质、毒性和环境降解、分析方法及其存在情况进行了全面审查。在河流中发现了更高浓度的紫外线滤光剂，最受研究的苯甲酮衍生物达到了 0.3mg/L。在湖泊和海水中，还检测到了 p-氨基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、三嗪和苯甲酰甲烷衍生物的 ng 到μg/L 浓度。尽管浓度较低（少数 ng/L），但在自来水中和地下水中也发现了紫外线滤光剂。游泳池水也是紫外线滤光剂及其氯副产物的汇，浓度在μg/L 范围内，突出了苯甲酮和苯并咪唑衍生物。土壤和沉积物的研究并不频繁，但已经发现了μg/L 范围内的浓度，尤其是苯甲酮和三嗪衍生物。水生生物群经常被研究，在 ng/g-dw 范围内发现了紫外线滤光剂，鱼类和贻贝类的浓度较高。结论是，需要更多关于水和沉积物中紫外线滤光剂降解研究的信息，并且应该更频繁和深入地监测环境中的出现情况。
