DiFranza Joseph R, Aligne C Andrew, Weitzman Michael
Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
Pediatrics. 2004 Apr;113(4 Suppl):1007-15.
Children's exposure to tobacco constituents during fetal development and via environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is perhaps the most ubiquitous and hazardous of children's environmental exposures. A large literature links both prenatal maternal smoking and children's ETS exposure to decreased lung growth and increased rates of respiratory tract infections, otitis media, and childhood asthma, with the severity of these problems increasing with increased exposure. Sudden infant death syndrome, behavioral problems, neurocognitive decrements, and increased rates of adolescent smoking also are associated with such exposures. Studies of each of these problems suggest independent effects of both pre- and postnatal exposure for each, with the respiratory risk associated with parental smoking seeming to be greatest during fetal development and the first several years of life.
胎儿发育期间以及通过接触环境烟草烟雾（ETS），儿童接触烟草成分可能是儿童环境接触中最普遍且最具危害的情况。大量文献表明，孕期母亲吸烟以及儿童接触ETS均与肺生长减缓、呼吸道感染、中耳炎和儿童哮喘发病率增加有关，且这些问题的严重程度随接触量增加而加重。婴儿猝死综合征、行为问题、神经认知能力下降以及青少年吸烟率上升也与这类接触有关。对这些问题的各项研究表明，产前和产后接触对每个问题都有独立影响，与父母吸烟相关的呼吸道风险在胎儿发育期间和生命的最初几年似乎最大。
