Csernus Valér, Mess Béla
Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti Str. 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003 Dec;24(6):404-11.
Endocrine biorhythms are classified according to the period time, as one of the most characteristic properties of biorhythms. Each endocrine organ has parallel more than one biorhythms with different period time (e. g. circadian and circannual rhythms). The time of acrophase of the biorhythms at the different endocrine organs is fairly variant. This review summarizes the rhythmic function of the THS-thyroid, gonadotrophic-gonadal and ACTH-adrenocortical systems. Pineal gland plays an integrative role in the regulation of rhythmic function of the endocrine system. The melatonin secretion of this gland also reveals conspicuous circadian and circannual rhythms both in mammals and in birds. Mammalian pineal is functional only if its peripheral sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglion is intact. In contrast, melatonin secretion and its circadian rhythm is also maintained in birds under isolated conditions (explanted into an in vitro superfusion system). The 24 hours period time of melatonin circadian rhythm can not be changed by light impulses. The phases of the circadian rhythm, however, can be turned by changing the time of environmental light-dark phases. The wavelength of the artificial light used for reversal of circadian rhythm is an important factor. The development of the entrainment and synchronization of the circadian melatonin rhythm in birds is independent of the rhythmic day-night changes in environmental lighting condition. The differences in the main elements of the biological clock between mammals and birds are discussed.
内分泌生物节律根据周期时间进行分类，这是生物节律最具特征性的特性之一。每个内分泌器官都有不止一种具有不同周期时间的平行生物节律（例如昼夜节律和年节律）。不同内分泌器官生物节律的高峰期时间差异很大。本综述总结了促甲状腺激素 - 甲状腺、促性腺激素 - 性腺和促肾上腺皮质激素 - 肾上腺皮质系统的节律性功能。松果体在调节内分泌系统的节律性功能中起整合作用。该腺体的褪黑素分泌在哺乳动物和鸟类中也显示出明显的昼夜节律和年节律。哺乳动物的松果体只有在其来自颈上神经节的外周交感神经支配完整时才具有功能。相比之下，鸟类在隔离条件下（植入体外灌注系统）褪黑素分泌及其昼夜节律也能维持。褪黑素昼夜节律的24小时周期时间不会因光脉冲而改变。然而，昼夜节律的相位可以通过改变环境明暗相位的时间来改变。用于逆转昼夜节律的人造光的波长是一个重要因素。鸟类昼夜褪黑素节律的夹带和同步发展与环境光照条件下有节奏的昼夜变化无关。讨论了哺乳动物和鸟类生物钟主要元素的差异。
