Musson David M, Sandal Gro M, Helmreich Robert L
Human Factors Research Project, Dept. of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, TX 78718-0187, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2004 Apr;75(4):342-9.
This paper presents personality testing data from final stage applicants to the NASA astronaut program. Questions addressed include whether personality predicted final selection into the astronaut corps, whether women and men demonstrated typical gender differences in personality, and whether three characteristic clusters found in other high performance populations replicated in this group.
Between 1989 and 1995, 259 final stage astronauts completed the Personal Characteristic Inventory (PCI) which assesses personality characteristics related to the broad traits of Instrumentality and Expressivity. In addition, 147 of these individuals also completed an abbreviated version of the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) which assesses the "Big Five" traits of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, And Conscientiousness.
Three previously identified trait clusters (Right, Wrong, and No Stuff) were found to replicate in this population. No differences were found on the PCI or on the modified NEO-FFI between applicants who were chosen to become astronauts (n = 63) and those who were not (n = 196). Men scored higher than women on competitiveness, but lower on expressivity and achievement strivings.
These analyses suggest that the "Right Stuff," "Wrong Stuff" and "No Stuff" clusters originally described in airline pilots and other high performance groups also exist within this population. Consistent with findings from other high performance populations, men and women tend to differ to a lesser extent than found in the general population, particularly on traits related to achievement motivation. Personality trait testing did not predict which applicants were most likely to be accepted into the astronaut corps.
本文展示了美国国家航空航天局（NASA）宇航员计划最后阶段申请者的性格测试数据。探讨的问题包括性格是否能预测最终入选宇航员队伍，男性和女性在性格上是否表现出典型的性别差异，以及在其他高绩效人群中发现的三个特征集群在该群体中是否重现。
1989年至1995年间，259名最后阶段的宇航员完成了个人特征量表（PCI），该量表评估与工具性和表达性等广泛特质相关的性格特征。此外，其中147人还完成了一份简化版的大五人格量表（NEO-FFI），该量表评估神经质、外向性、开放性、宜人性和尽责性这“大五”人格特质。
在这一群体中发现了三个先前确定的特质集群（正确型、错误型和无特质型）。在被选为宇航员的申请者（n = 63）和未被选中的申请者（n = 196）之间，PCI或修改后的NEO-FFI上没有发现差异。男性在竞争力方面得分高于女性，但在表达性和成就追求方面得分较低。
这些分析表明，最初在航空公司飞行员和其他高绩效群体中描述的“正确特质”“错误特质”和“无特质”集群在这一群体中也存在。与其他高绩效群体的研究结果一致，男性和女性之间的差异往往比一般人群中发现的要小，尤其是在与成就动机相关的特质上。性格特质测试并不能预测哪些申请者最有可能被宇航员队伍录取。
