Maia Tiago V, McClelland James L
Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Nov 9;101(45):16075-80. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0406666101. Epub 2004 Oct 22.
Bechara, Damasio, and coworkers [Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D. & Damasio, A. R. (1997) Science 275, 1293-1295] have reported that normal participants decide advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy in a simple card game designed to mimic real-life decision-making. Bechara et al. have used this result to support their view that nonconscious somatic markers can guide advantageous behavior. By using more sensitive methods, we show that participants have much more knowledge about the game than previously thought. In fact, participants report knowledge of the advantageous strategy more reliably than they behave advantageously. Furthermore, when they behave advantageously, their verbal reports nearly always reveal evidence of quantitative knowledge about the outcomes of the decks that would be sufficient to guide such advantageous behavior. In addition, there is evidence that participants also have access to more qualitative reportable knowledge. These results are compatible with the view that, in this task, both overt behavior and verbal reports reflect sampling from consciously accessible knowledge; there is no need to appeal to nonconscious somatic markers. We also discuss the findings of other studies that similarly suggest alternative interpretations of other evidence previously used to support a role for somatic markers in decision-making.
贝查拉、达马西奥及其同事[贝查拉，A.，达马西奥，H.，特拉内尔，D. & 达马西奥，A. R.（1997年）《科学》275卷，第1293 - 1295页]报告称，在一个旨在模拟现实生活决策的简单纸牌游戏中，正常参与者在知晓有利策略之前就做出了有利的决策。贝查拉等人利用这一结果来支持他们的观点，即无意识的躯体标记可以引导有利行为。通过使用更敏感的方法，我们发现参与者对游戏的了解比之前认为的要多得多。事实上，参与者报告有利策略的知识比他们做出有利行为更可靠。此外，当他们做出有利行为时，他们的口头报告几乎总是揭示出关于牌组结果的定量知识的证据，这些知识足以指导这种有利行为。此外，有证据表明参与者还拥有更多可报告的定性知识。这些结果与这样一种观点相符，即在这项任务中，公开行为和口头报告都反映了从有意识可获取的知识中进行抽样；无需诉诸无意识的躯体标记。我们还讨论了其他研究的结果，这些结果同样表明对先前用于支持躯体标记在决策中作用的其他证据有不同的解释。
