Bellisle France
Hôtel-Dieu, 1 Place du Parvis Notre-Dame, 75181 Paris, France.
Br J Nutr. 2004 Oct;92 Suppl 2:S227-32. doi: 10.1079/bjn20041171.
Diet can affect cognitive ability and behaviour in children and adolescents. Nutrient composition and meal pattern can exert immediate or long-term, beneficial or adverse effects. Beneficial effects mainly result from the correction of poor nutritional status. For example, thiamin treatment reverses aggressiveness in thiamin-deficient adolescents. Deleterious behavioural effects have been suggested; for example, sucrose and additives were once suspected to induce hyperactivity, but these effects have not been confirmed by rigorous investigations. In spite of potent biological mechanisms that protect brain activity from disruption, some cognitive functions appear sensitive to short-term variations of fuel (glucose) availability in certain brain areas. A glucose load, for example, acutely facilitates mental performance, particularly on demanding, long-duration tasks. The mechanism of this often described effect is not entirely clear. One aspect of diet that has elicited much research in young people is the intake/omission of breakfast. This has obvious relevance to school performance. While effects are inconsistent in well-nourished children, breakfast omission deteriorates mental performance in malnourished children. Even intelligence scores can be improved by micronutrient supplementation in children and adolescents with very poor dietary status. Overall, the literature suggests that good regular dietary habits are the best way to ensure optimal mental and behavioural performance at all times. Then, it remains controversial whether additional benefit can be gained from acute dietary manipulations. In contrast, children and adolescents with poor nutritional status are exposed to alterations of mental and/or behavioural functions that can be corrected, to a certain extent, by dietary measures.
饮食会影响儿童和青少年的认知能力及行为。营养成分和进餐模式可产生即时或长期的有益或有害影响。有益影响主要源于对不良营养状况的纠正。例如，硫胺素治疗可逆转硫胺素缺乏青少年的攻击性。曾有研究表明存在有害行为影响；例如，蔗糖和添加剂曾被怀疑会诱发多动，但这些影响尚未得到严格调查的证实。尽管存在强大的生物机制保护大脑活动不受干扰，但某些认知功能似乎对特定脑区燃料（葡萄糖）供应的短期变化敏感。例如，葡萄糖负荷可急性促进心理表现，尤其是在要求高、持续时间长的任务中。这种常被描述的效应机制尚不完全清楚。饮食方面在年轻人中引发大量研究的一个方面是早餐的摄入/不吃。这与学业表现明显相关。虽然在营养良好的儿童中影响并不一致，但不吃早餐会使营养不良儿童的心理表现变差。即使是饮食状况极差的儿童和青少年，补充微量营养素也能提高智力分数。总体而言，文献表明良好的规律饮食习惯是始终确保最佳心理和行为表现的最佳方式。那么，急性饮食干预是否能带来额外益处仍存在争议。相比之下，营养状况差的儿童和青少年会出现心理和/或行为功能的改变，而这些改变在一定程度上可通过饮食措施得到纠正。
