Fängström Britta, Strid Anna, Grandjean Philippe, Weihe Pál, Bergman Ake
Department of Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
Environ Health. 2005 Jul 14;4:12. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-4-12.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in wildlife and humans remain a cause of global concern, both in regard to traditional POPs, such as the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and emerging POPs, such as the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). To determine the time related concentrations, we analyzed human milk for these substances at three time points between 1987 and 1999. Polychlorobiphenylols (OH-PCBs), the dominating class of PCB metabolites, some of which are known to be strongly retained in human blood, were also included in the assessment.
We obtained milk from the Faroe Islands, where the population is exposed to POPs from their traditional diet (which may include pilot whale blubber). In addition to three pools, nine individual samples from the last time point were also analyzed. After cleanup, partitioning of neutral and acidic compounds, and separation of chemical classes, the analyses were carried out by gas chromatography and/or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Compared to other European populations, the human milk had high PCB concentrations, with pool concentrations of 2300 ng/g fat 1987, 1600 ng/g fat in 1994, and 1800 ng/g fat in 1999 (based on the sum of eleven major PCB congeners). The nine individual samples showed great variation in PCB concentrations. The OH-PCBs were present in trace amounts only, at levels of approximately 1% of the PCB concentrations. The PBDE concentrations showed a clear increase over time, and their concentrations in human milk from 1999 are among the highest reported so far from Europe, with results of individual samples ranging from 4.7 to 13 ng/g fat
Although remote from pollution sources, the Faroe Islands show high concentrations of POPs in human milk, particularly PCBs, but also PBDEs. The PBDEs show increasing concentrations over time. The OH-PCB metabolites are poorly transferred to human milk, which likely is related to their acidic character.
野生动物和人类体内的持久性有机污染物（POPs）仍然是全球关注的问题，这涉及到传统的持久性有机污染物，如多氯联苯（PCBs），以及新兴的持久性有机污染物，如多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）。为了确定与时间相关的浓度，我们在1987年至1999年期间的三个时间点对人乳中的这些物质进行了分析。多氯联苯醇（OH-PCBs）是多氯联苯代谢物的主要类别，其中一些已知在人体血液中会被强烈保留，此次评估也将其纳入。
我们从法罗群岛获取了母乳样本，当地居民通过传统饮食（可能包括巨头鲸的鲸脂）接触持久性有机污染物。除了三个混合样本外，还对最后一个时间点的九个个体样本进行了分析。经过净化、中性和酸性化合物的分配以及化学类别分离后，通过气相色谱和/或气相色谱/质谱进行分析。
与其他欧洲人群相比，人乳中的多氯联苯浓度较高，1987年混合样本浓度为2300 ng/g脂肪，1994年为1600 ng/g脂肪，1999年为1800 ng/g脂肪（基于11种主要多氯联苯同系物的总和）。九个个体样本的多氯联苯浓度差异很大。多氯联苯醇仅以痕量存在，其水平约为多氯联苯浓度的1%。多溴二苯醚浓度随时间呈明显上升趋势，1999年人乳中的多溴二苯醚浓度是目前欧洲报道的最高浓度之一，个体样本结果范围为4.7至13 ng/g脂肪。
尽管远离污染源，但法罗群岛人乳中的持久性有机污染物浓度很高，尤其是多氯联苯，还有多溴二苯醚。多溴二苯醚浓度随时间增加。多氯联苯醇代谢物向人乳中的转移较差，这可能与其酸性特征有关。
