Opp Mark R
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, 7422 Medical Sciences Bldg. I, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0615, USA.
Sleep Med Rev. 2005 Oct;9(5):355-64. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2005.01.002.
Personal experience and empirical data indicate sleep is altered during sickness. Important signaling molecules of the peripheral immune system called cytokines orchestrate responses to infection. Through a variety of mechanisms, the brain detects activation of the peripheral immune system. The brain responds to infection by altering physiological processes and complex behavior, including sleep. These changes in physiology and behavior collectively function to support the immune system, and under normal circumstances the health of the host is restored. Several of these cytokines, and their receptors, are present in normal healthy brain. Some cytokines regulate sleep under physiological conditions, in the absence of infection or immune challenge. For example, interleukin-1 directly alters discharge patterns of neurons in hypothalamic and brainstem circuits implicated in the regulation of sleep-wake behavior. Many other cytokines modulate sleep because they interact with neurotransmitter, peptide, and/or hormone systems to initiate a cascade of responses that subsequently alter sleep-wake behavior. Because cytokines regulate/modulate sleep-wake behavior in the absence of immune challenge, and cytokine concentrations and profiles are altered during infection, it is likely that cytokines mediate infection-induced alterations in sleep. Whether the changes in sleep that occur during infection are beneficial and aid in recovery remains to be determined.
个人经历和经验数据表明，患病期间睡眠会发生改变。外周免疫系统中被称为细胞因子的重要信号分子会协调对感染的反应。大脑通过多种机制检测外周免疫系统的激活。大脑通过改变生理过程和复杂行为（包括睡眠）来应对感染。这些生理和行为上的变化共同作用以支持免疫系统，在正常情况下，宿主的健康得以恢复。其中一些细胞因子及其受体存在于正常健康的大脑中。一些细胞因子在生理条件下，即在没有感染或免疫挑战的情况下调节睡眠。例如，白细胞介素 -1 直接改变下丘脑和脑干回路中与睡眠 - 觉醒行为调节有关的神经元放电模式。许多其他细胞因子调节睡眠，因为它们与神经递质、肽和 / 或激素系统相互作用，引发一系列反应，随后改变睡眠 - 觉醒行为。由于细胞因子在没有免疫挑战的情况下调节睡眠 - 觉醒行为，并且在感染期间细胞因子的浓度和分布会发生改变，所以细胞因子很可能介导感染引起的睡眠改变。感染期间发生的睡眠变化是否有益并有助于恢复仍有待确定。
