Krishnaswamy Guha, Ajitawi Omar, Chi David S
Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, James H Quillen VAMC and the Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
Methods Mol Biol. 2006;315:13-34. doi: 10.1385/1-59259-967-2:013.
Mast cells are fascinating, multifunctional, tissue-dwelling cells that have been traditionally associated with the allergic response. However, recent studies suggest these cells may be capable of regulating inflammation, host defense, and innate immunity. The purpose of this review is to present salient aspects of mast cell biology in the context of mast cell function in physiology and disease. After their development from bone marrow-derived progenitor cells that are primed with stem cell factor, mast cells continue their maturation and differentiation in peripheral tissue, developing into two well-described subsets of cells, MC(T) and MC(TC) cells. These cells can be distinguished on the basis of their tissue location, dependence on T lymphocytes, and their granule contents. Mast cells can undergo activation by antigens/allergens, superoxides, complement proteins, neuropeptides, and lipoproteins. After activation, mast cells express histamine, leukotrienes, and prostanoids, as well as proteases, and many cytokines and chemokines. These mediators may be pivotal to the genesis of an inflammatory response. By virtue of their location and mediator expression, mast cells may play an active role in many diseases, such as allergy, parasitic diseases, atherosclerosis, malignancy, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and arthritis. Recent data also suggest that mast cells play a vital role in host defense against pathogens by elaboration of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Mast cells also express the Toll-like receptor, which may further accentuate their role in the immune-inflammatory response. This chapter summarizes the many well-known and novel functional aspects of human mast cell biology and emphasizes their unique role in the inflammatory response.
肥大细胞是一种迷人的、多功能的、驻留在组织中的细胞，传统上与过敏反应相关。然而，最近的研究表明，这些细胞可能能够调节炎症、宿主防御和固有免疫。本综述的目的是在肥大细胞在生理和疾病中的功能背景下，介绍肥大细胞生物学的显著方面。肥大细胞由骨髓来源的祖细胞发育而来，这些祖细胞在干细胞因子的作用下被启动，之后在周围组织中继续成熟和分化，发展成为两个已被充分描述的细胞亚群，即MC(T)细胞和MC(TC)细胞。这些细胞可以根据其组织位置、对T淋巴细胞的依赖性以及颗粒内容物来区分。肥大细胞可被抗原/变应原、超氧化物、补体蛋白、神经肽和脂蛋白激活。激活后，肥大细胞表达组胺、白三烯、前列腺素，以及蛋白酶、多种细胞因子和趋化因子。这些介质可能对炎症反应的发生至关重要。由于其位置和介质表达，肥大细胞可能在许多疾病中发挥积极作用，如过敏、寄生虫病、动脉粥样硬化、恶性肿瘤、哮喘、肺纤维化和关节炎。最近的数据还表明，肥大细胞通过分泌肿瘤坏死因子α在宿主抵御病原体方面发挥重要作用。肥大细胞还表达Toll样受体，这可能进一步增强它们在免疫炎症反应中的作用。本章总结了人类肥大细胞生物学的许多已知和新的功能方面，并强调了它们在炎症反应中的独特作用。
