Sugiyama Takuya, Inomata Kimihoro
Department of Physical Education, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan.
Percept Mot Skills. 2005 Jun;100(3 Pt 2):969-82. doi: 10.2466/pms.100.3c.969-982.
The purpose of the present study was two-fold, (1) to examine the psychological elements of flow state experienced by top athletes during competition and (2) to explore the psychological states leading to flow experience. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 29 Japanese athletes regarding experiences in which they felt they were able to display 100% of their abilities and which they fully enjoyed. Interview contents were classified by the main investigator and independently by an external examiner. Analysis indicated that 92.6% of elements agreed with Csikszentmihalyi's model of flow. Three categories in Jackson's nomenclature (1996), unambiguous feedback, concentration on the task at hand, and autotelic experience, reported at a higher rate in the present study, may be the basic characteristics of flow state. The psychological states leading up to flow state were placed into six categories: relaxed, self-confident, highly motivated, completely focused, lack of negative thoughts and feelings, and extremely positive. Relaxed, self-confident, and highly motivated were reported by most of the athletes, suggesting they are primary elements for an optimal experience.
本研究的目的有两个，一是考察顶级运动员在比赛中所体验到的流畅状态的心理要素，二是探索导致流畅体验的心理状态。对29名日本运动员进行了半结构化访谈，询问他们感觉自己能够发挥出100%的能力且充分享受其中的经历。访谈内容由主要研究者进行分类，并由一名外部审查员独立分类。分析表明，92.6%的要素与奇克森特米哈伊的流畅模型相符。本研究中报告比例较高的杰克逊（1996年）命名法中的三个类别，即明确的反馈、专注于手头的任务和自成目的体验，可能是流畅状态的基本特征。导致流畅状态的心理状态分为六类：放松、自信、积极性高、完全专注、没有消极的想法和感受、极其积极。大多数运动员报告了放松、自信和积极性高的状态，这表明它们是产生最佳体验的主要要素。
