Stepanov Irina, Hecht Stephen S, Duca Gheorghe, Mardari Igor
The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Jan;15(1):7-11. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0293.
The evidence of an association between childhood exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and an increased risk of lung cancer is inconsistent. However, taking into account the existing association between lung cancer and adulthood ETS exposure, it is plausible that children exposed to ETS also would be at risk of developing lung cancer later in life. In this study, we investigated the uptake by Moldovan children of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) by measuring total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), the sum of the NNK metabolites, NNAL, and its O-glucuronide and N-glucuronide (NNAL-Glucs) in urine. We also measured urinary cotinine and its glucuronide (total cotinine). Total NNAL was detected in 69 of 80 samples, including those that were low in cotinine (<5 ng/mL). The mean+/- SD level of total NNAL (0.09+/- 0.077 pmol/mL) was comparable with those observed in previous studies of children and adults exposed to ETS. Total NNAL correlated with total cotinine (r=0.8, P<0.0001). The mean+/- SD levels of total NNAL and total cotinine were higher in children who were exposed to ETS (0.1+/- 0.08 and 109+/- 126 pmol/mL, respectively) than in those who were classified as unexposed to ETS based on questionnaire data (0.049+/- 0.016 pmol/mL and 0.043+/- 0.040 nmol/mL). The results of this study for the first time show widespread and considerable uptake of nicotine and the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen NNK in Moldovan children. These results should be useful in heightening the awareness of the dangers of smoking and ETS exposure in this eastern European country.
儿童暴露于环境烟草烟雾（ETS）与肺癌风险增加之间的关联证据并不一致。然而，考虑到肺癌与成年期ETS暴露之间已有的关联，暴露于ETS的儿童在生命后期患肺癌的风险增加似乎是合理的。在本研究中，我们通过测量尿液中烟草特异性肺致癌物4-（甲基亚硝胺基）-1-（3-吡啶基）-1-丁酮（NNK）的代谢产物总量4-（甲基亚硝胺基）-1-（3-吡啶基）-1-丁醇（NNAL）、NNAL及其O-葡萄糖醛酸苷和N-葡萄糖醛酸苷（NNAL-Glucs），来研究摩尔多瓦儿童对NNK的摄取情况。我们还测量了尿中可替宁及其葡萄糖醛酸苷（总可替宁）。在80份样本中的69份中检测到了总NNAL，包括那些可替宁含量较低（<5 ng/mL）的样本。总NNAL的平均±标准差水平（0.09±0.077 pmol/mL）与先前对暴露于ETS的儿童和成人的研究中观察到的水平相当。总NNAL与总可替宁相关（r = 0.8，P < 0.0001）。暴露于ETS的儿童中总NNAL和总可替宁的平均±标准差水平（分别为0.1±0.08和109±126 pmol/mL）高于根据问卷调查数据分类为未暴露于ETS的儿童（0.049±0.016 pmol/mL和0.043±0.040 nmol/mL）。本研究结果首次表明，摩尔多瓦儿童广泛且大量摄取了尼古丁和烟草特异性肺致癌物NNK。这些结果对于提高这个东欧国家对吸烟和ETS暴露危害的认识应该是有用的。
