Anderson Kristin E, Kliris Jen, Murphy Lois, Carmella Steven G, Han Shaomei, Link Carrie, Bliss Robin L, Puumala Susan, Murphy Sharon E, Hecht Stephen S
Division of Epidemiology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, USA.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003 Dec;12(12):1544-6.
Epidemiologic data have shown increased risks of lung cancer in nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). We measured biomarkers in urine samples from nonsmokers before and after a 4-h visit to a casino where smoking is allowed. The tobacco-specific lung carcinogen, NNK [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone] is a constituent of ETS. Urinary metabolites of NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (NNAL-Gluc), are excellent biomarkers of human uptake of NNK and NNAL. NNAL, as with NNK, is a potent pulmonary carcinogen. Subjects collected a spot urine sample before the casino visit and all urine samples for the 24-h period starting after the visit. We analyzed samples for creatinine, total cotinine (cotinine and cotinine-glucuronide), and total NNAL (NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc). Paired samples showed statistically significant mean increases in total cotinine (0.044 nmol/mg creatinine, P < 0.0001) and total NNAL (0.018 pmol/mg creatinine, P < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that exposure of nonsmokers to ETS in a commercial setting results in uptake of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen.
流行病学数据显示，接触环境烟草烟雾（ETS）的非吸烟者患肺癌的风险增加。我们对非吸烟者在进入允许吸烟的赌场进行4小时参观前后的尿液样本中的生物标志物进行了测量。烟草特异性肺致癌物NNK[4-(甲基亚硝基氨基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮]是ETS的一种成分。NNK的尿液代谢产物4-(甲基亚硝基氨基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁醇（NNAL）及其葡糖醛酸苷（NNAL-葡糖醛酸）是人体摄取NNK和NNAL的优良生物标志物。与NNK一样，NNAL是一种强效肺致癌物。受试者在参观赌场前采集一次即时尿样，并在参观后开始的24小时内采集所有尿样。我们分析了样本中的肌酐、总可替宁（可替宁和可替宁葡糖醛酸）和总NNAL（NNAL加NNAL-葡糖醛酸）。配对样本显示，总可替宁（0.044 nmol/mg肌酐，P<0.0001）和总NNAL（0.018 pmol/mg肌酐，P<0.001）的平均增加具有统计学意义。这些发现表明，非吸烟者在商业环境中接触ETS会导致摄取一种烟草特异性肺致癌物。
