Ravaja Niklas, Keltikangas-Järvinen Liisa, Kettunen Joni
Center for Knowledge and Innovation Research, Helsinki School of Economics, Finland.
J Pers. 2006 Feb;74(1):287-310. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00376.x.
We examined the relationship of Cloninger's temperament factors-Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence-to perceived threat and stress and performance appraisals during different challenges, i.e., mental arithmetic, the reaction time task, and three public speaking tasks, among 97 young adult men and women. Temperament was measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory. The results showed that, although some of the predictions made by Cloninger's model were confirmed, some were unsupported. The results revealed also some associations between temperament and cognitive appraisals that were intelligible, but not predicted by Cloninger's model. There were considerable domain specificity and gender differences in the associations found. Cloninger's temperament dimensions are related to threat, stress, and performance appraisals, thereby influencing individual's stress vulnerability, adjustment, and personal functioning.
我们研究了克隆宁格气质因子——寻求新奇、避免伤害、奖赏依赖和坚持性——与97名年轻成年男女在不同挑战（即心算、反应时间任务和三项公开演讲任务）期间所感知到的威胁、压力及绩效评估之间的关系。气质通过气质与性格量表进行测量。结果显示，尽管克隆宁格模型所做的一些预测得到了证实，但也有一些未得到支持。结果还揭示了气质与认知评估之间的一些关联，这些关联是可以理解的，但并非克隆宁格模型所预测的。在所发现的关联中存在相当大的领域特异性和性别差异。克隆宁格的气质维度与威胁、压力和绩效评估相关，从而影响个体的压力易感性、适应能力和个人功能。
