Shephard R J, Verde T J, Thomas S G, Shek P
School of Physical & Health Education, University of Toronto, Ontario.
Can J Sport Sci. 1991 Sep;16(3):169-85.
Methods of examining immune function include a charting of susceptibility to infections, differential blood counts or lymphocyte counts, and measures of cell proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis in response to external mitogens. The reported acute response to exercise is transient and quite variable, depending upon the type of exercise, the immunological methodology used, the intensity of effort relative to the fitness of the individual, and the timing of observation. A leucocytosis, a granulocytosis, a small lymphocytosis, and a decrease in the proportion of T to B cells reflect mainly changes of blood volume, demargination, and migration of cells. Lymphocyte subsets show a decreased helper/suppressor cell ratio and an increase of natural killer cells. Because of the lymphocytosis, mitogens induce an increased overall cell proliferation, but proliferation for a given number of cells is decreased. Prolonged exercise leads to a decrease of serum and salivary immunoglobulin levels. Soluble factors such as interleukin-1 and interferon are increased by a bout of exercise. Cross-sectional comparisons and training experiments suggest that under resting conditions well-conditioned individuals show some lymphocytosis, increased natural killer cell activity, higher levels of interleukin-1, and possibly an enhanced reaction to mitogens. Moderate training does not greatly change exercise responses at a given fraction of maximal effort. Excessive training suppresses immune function, but the changes are small, variable, and thus difficult to relate to overtraining. Moreover, because of their transient nature, they have only a limited influence upon the risks of infection or cancer.
检测免疫功能的方法包括记录对感染的易感性、血细胞分类计数或淋巴细胞计数，以及测量细胞增殖和免疫球蛋白合成对外部有丝分裂原的反应。据报道，运动的急性反应是短暂的且变化很大，这取决于运动类型、所使用的免疫学方法、相对于个体健康状况的运动强度以及观察时间。白细胞增多、粒细胞增多、小淋巴细胞增多以及T细胞与B细胞比例的降低主要反映了血容量、细胞边缘移动和细胞迁移的变化。淋巴细胞亚群显示辅助/抑制细胞比例降低，自然杀伤细胞增加。由于淋巴细胞增多，有丝分裂原会诱导整体细胞增殖增加，但给定数量细胞的增殖会减少。长时间运动会导致血清和唾液免疫球蛋白水平降低。诸如白细胞介素-1和干扰素等可溶性因子会因一次运动而增加。横断面比较和训练实验表明，在静息状态下，身体状况良好的个体表现出一些淋巴细胞增多、自然杀伤细胞活性增加、白细胞介素-1水平升高，并且对有丝分裂原的反应可能增强。适度训练在给定的最大努力比例下不会对运动反应产生太大改变。过度训练会抑制免疫功能，但变化较小、不稳定，因此难以与过度训练联系起来。此外，由于这些变化具有短暂性，它们对感染或癌症风险的影响有限。
