Nieman D C
Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, USA.
Int J Sports Med. 1997 Mar;18 Suppl 1:S91-100. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-972705.
During the last 95 years, 629 papers (60% in the 1990s) dealing specifically with exercise and immunology have been published. Major findings of practical importance in terms of public health and athletic endeavor include: (a) In response to acute exercise (the most frequently studied area of exercise immunology), a rapid interchange of immune cells between peripheral lymphoid tissues and the circulation occurs. The response depends on many factors, including the intensity, duration, and mode of exercise, concentrations of hormones and cytokines, change in body temperature, blood flow, hydration status, and body position. Of all immune cells, natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages (of the innate immune system) appear to be most responsive to the effects of acute exercise, both in terms of numbers and function. In general, acute exercise bouts of moderate duration (< 60 min) and intensity (< 60% VO2max) are associated with fewer perturbations and less stress to the immune system than are prolonged, high-intensity sessions. (b) In response to long-term exercise training, the only finding to date reported with some congruity between investigators is a significant elevation in NK cell activity. Changes in the function of neutrophils, macrophages, and T and B cells in response to training have been reported inconsistently, but there is some indication that neutrophil function is suppressed during periods of heavy training. (c) Limited data suggest that unusually heavy acute or chronic exercise may increase the risk of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), while regular moderate physical activity may reduce URTI symptomatology. (d) Work performance tends to diminish with most systemic infectious, and clinical case studies and animal data suggest that infection severity, relapse, and myocarditis may result when patients exercise vigorously. (e) Although regular exercise has many benefits for HIV-infected individuals, helper T cell counts and other immune measures are not enhanced significantly. (f) Data suggest that the incidence and mortality rates for certain types of cancer are lower among active subjects. The role of the immune system may be limited, however, depending on the sensitivity of the specific tumor to cytolysis, the stage of cancer, the type of exercise program, and many other complex factors. (g) As individuals age, they experience a decline in most cell- mediated and humoral immune responses. Two human studies suggest that immune function is superior in highly conditioned versus sedentary elderly subjects. (h) Mental stress, undernourishment, quick weight loss, and improper hygiene have each been associated with impaired immunity. Athletes who are undergoing heavy training regimens should realize that each of these factors has the potential to compound the effect that exercise stress is having on their immune systems.
在过去的95年里，已经发表了629篇专门论述运动与免疫学的论文（其中60%发表于20世纪90年代）。就公共卫生和体育事业而言，具有实际重要意义的主要研究结果包括：(a) 对于急性运动（运动免疫学中研究最频繁的领域），外周淋巴组织与循环系统之间会迅速发生免疫细胞的交换。这种反应取决于许多因素，包括运动的强度、持续时间和方式、激素和细胞因子的浓度、体温变化、血流量、水合状态以及身体姿势。在所有免疫细胞中，自然杀伤（NK）细胞、中性粒细胞和（固有免疫系统的）巨噬细胞似乎对急性运动的影响在数量和功能方面反应最为敏感。一般来说，中等持续时间（<60分钟）和强度（<60%最大摄氧量）的急性运动比长时间、高强度运动对免疫系统的干扰更少、压力更小。(b) 对于长期运动训练，迄今为止研究人员之间报道较为一致的唯一发现是NK细胞活性显著升高。关于训练后中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞以及T细胞和B细胞功能的变化报道并不一致，但有迹象表明在高强度训练期间中性粒细胞功能会受到抑制。(c) 有限的数据表明，异常剧烈的急性或慢性运动可能会增加上呼吸道感染（URTI）的风险，而定期进行适度体育活动可能会减轻URTI的症状。(d) 在大多数全身性感染时工作表现往往会下降，临床病例研究和动物数据表明，患者剧烈运动可能会导致感染加重、复发以及心肌炎。(e) 虽然定期运动对感染HIV的个体有许多益处，但辅助性T细胞计数和其他免疫指标并未显著提高。(f) 数据表明，活跃人群中某些类型癌症的发病率和死亡率较低。然而，免疫系统的作用可能有限，这取决于特定肿瘤对细胞溶解的敏感性、癌症阶段、运动计划类型以及许多其他复杂因素。(g) 随着个体年龄增长，大多数细胞介导和体液免疫反应都会下降。两项人体研究表明，与久坐不动的老年人相比，身体状况良好的老年人免疫功能更优。(h) 精神压力、营养不良、快速减肥和卫生习惯不良都与免疫力受损有关。正在进行高强度训练的运动员应该认识到，这些因素中的每一个都有可能加剧运动压力对其免疫系统的影响。
