Fowles Jeff, Christophersen Annemarie, Fernando Dinusha, Lea Rod, Woodward Alistair, Dickson Stuart, Hosking Matthew, Berezowski Richard
Bayer CropScience, Sophia Antipolis, France.
N Z Med J. 2006 Apr 21;119(1232):U1931.
To measure secondhand smoke (SHS) levels in New Zealand bars prior to smokefree legislation enacted on 10 December 2004.
Thirty bars were randomly selected from urban, surburban, and surrounding rural areas of Auckland, Wellington, and Invercargill. Bars were visited (on a Friday or Saturday night for a 3-hour stay between 1800 and 2400 hours) in July/August/September 2004 (winter) and again in October/November 2004 (spring). Each bar was visited by a group of 4 or 5 non-smokers participating in the study. All groups of participants spent a 3-hour block of continuous time in the bar. Saliva samples (approximately 0.5-2 mL) were provided immediately prior to entering the bar as well as 5-15 minutes after leaving the bar. Each group recorded the initial impression of air quality and ventilation, the number of observed lit cigarettes over three 10-minute intervals throughout the evening, and the number of patrons at each interval. In addition, any general comments about the venue (relevant to bar attendance or air quality on the evening) was recorded. Cotinine, the main metabolite of nicotine, was measured in saliva samples using Liquid Chromatography with tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS-MS).
In all bars, and in all volunteers, exposure to SHS was evident. Saliva cotinine increased after 3 hours in the bar (mean increase=0.66 ng/mL, SE=0.03 ng/mL, p value of <0.0001). The 30 bars randomly selected provided a good spectrum of SHS exposures, with mean cotinine increasing by approximately 8-fold. Smaller population centres showed greater exposures to SHS. A north-south gradient of exposure was also seen (highest exposures were in Southland). Higher exposures were seen in the winter than in the spring. The objective measures of SHS exposure correlated strongly with the volunteers' subjective observation of ventilation, air quality, and counts of lit cigarettes. One exception was where objective salivary markers indicated that even "seemingly smokefree" venues with "good ventilation" produced discernable levels of SHS exposure.
We have utilised an objective, non-invasive scientific approach to assess SHS smoke exposure in patrons of New Zealand bars. Our results clearly indicate exposure to SHS, with regional and seasonal variation, prior to the introduction of smokefree legislation.
在2004年12月10日无烟立法颁布之前，测量新西兰酒吧内的二手烟（SHS）水平。
从奥克兰、惠灵顿和因弗卡吉尔的城市、郊区及周边农村地区随机选取30家酒吧。在2004年7月/8月/9月（冬季）以及2004年10月/11月（春季）对这些酒吧进行走访（在周五或周六晚上18:00至24:00之间停留3小时）。每组4至5名参与研究的不吸烟者走访每家酒吧。所有参与组在酒吧连续停留3小时。在进入酒吧前以及离开酒吧后5至15分钟采集唾液样本（约0.5 - 2毫升）。每组记录对空气质量和通风的初始印象、整个晚上三个10分钟时间段内观察到的点燃香烟数量以及每个时间段的顾客人数。此外，记录关于场所的任何一般性评论（与当晚酒吧客流量或空气质量相关）。使用液相色谱 - 串联质谱法（LC - MS - MS）测量唾液样本中的可替宁（尼古丁的主要代谢产物）。
在所有酒吧以及所有志愿者中，二手烟暴露均很明显。在酒吧停留3小时后，唾液可替宁增加（平均增加量 = 0.66纳克/毫升，标准误 = 0.03纳克/毫升，p值 < 0.0001）。随机选取的30家酒吧提供了广泛的二手烟暴露范围，平均可替宁增加了约8倍。较小的人口中心二手烟暴露程度更高。还观察到南北方向的暴露梯度（暴露程度最高的是南地）。冬季的暴露程度高于春季。二手烟暴露的客观测量结果与志愿者对通风、空气质量和点燃香烟数量的主观观察密切相关。一个例外是，客观的唾液标志物表明，即使是那些“看似无烟”且“通风良好”的场所，也会产生可察觉的二手烟暴露水平。
我们采用了一种客观、非侵入性的科学方法来评估新西兰酒吧顾客的二手烟暴露情况。我们的结果清楚地表明，在无烟立法出台之前，存在二手烟暴露，且存在区域和季节差异。
