Arts Gertie H P, Buijse-Bogdan Laura L, Belgers J Dick M, van Rhenen-Kersten Caroline H, van Wijngaarden Rene P A, Roessink Ivo, Maund Steve J, van den Brink Paul J, Brockt Theo C M
Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2006 Apr;2(2):105-25.
Outdoor aquatic ditch mesocosms were treated with a range of pesticides to simulate various spray drift rates resulting from a typical crop protection program used in the cultivation of potatoes in The Netherlands. The main experimental aims of the present study were to provide information on the fate and ecological effects of drift of the pesticides into surface water and to evaluate the effectiveness of drift-reduction measures in mitigating risks. The pesticides selected and the dosage, frequency, and timing of application were based on normal agricultural practices in the potato crop. Applications of prosulfocarb, metribuzin (both herbicides), lambda-cyhalothrin (insecticide), chlorothalonil, and fluazinam (both fungicides) were made in the sequence typical of the spray calendar for potatoes. A total of 15 treatments with the various compounds were made by spray application to the water surface at 0.2%, 1%, and 5% of the recommended label rates. Chemical fate and effects on ecosystem function and structure (phytoplankton, zooplankton, chlorophyll-a, macroinvertebrates, macrophytes, breakdown of plant litter) were investigated. To interpret the observed effects, treatment concentrations were also expressed in toxic units (TU), which describe the relative toxicity of the compounds with standard toxicity test organisms (Daphnia and algae). After treatment, each compound disappeared from the water phase within 2 d, with the exception of prosulfocarb, for which 50% dissipation time (DT50) values ranged between 6 and 7 d. At the 5% treatment level, an exposure peak of 0.9 TUalgae was observed, which resulted in short-term responses of pH, oxygen, and phytoplankton. At the 5% treatment level, exposure concentrations also exceeded 0.1 TUDaphnia, and this resulted in long-term effects on zooplankton and macroinvertebrates, some of which did not fully recover by the end of the present study. At the 1% treatment level, only slight transient effects were observed on a limited number of zooplankton and macro-invertebrate species and on pH. At the 0.2% level, no consistent treatment-related effects were observed. Most of the observed effects were consistent with the results from higher-tier and mesocosm studies with the individual compounds. Multi and repeated stress played a small role within the applied pesticide package, because of rapid dissipation of most substances and the absence of many simultaneous applications. This suggests that risk assessments based on the individual compounds would in this case have been sufficiently protective for their uses in a crop protection program.
户外水生沟渠中宇宙模型用一系列农药进行处理，以模拟荷兰马铃薯种植中典型作物保护计划产生的各种喷雾漂移率。本研究的主要实验目的是提供有关农药漂移到地表水后的归宿和生态影响的信息，并评估减少漂移措施在降低风险方面的有效性。所选农药以及施用剂量、频率和时间基于马铃薯作物的正常农业实践。按照马铃薯喷雾日历的典型顺序施用了丙硫克百威、嗪草酮（均为除草剂）、高效氯氟氰菊酯（杀虫剂）、百菌清和氟啶胺（均为杀菌剂）。通过以推荐标签率的0.2%、1%和5%向水面喷雾施用，对各种化合物进行了总共15种处理。研究了化学归宿以及对生态系统功能和结构（浮游植物、浮游动物、叶绿素a、大型无脊椎动物、大型植物、植物残体分解）的影响。为了解释观察到的影响，处理浓度也以毒性单位（TU）表示，毒性单位描述了化合物对标准毒性测试生物（水蚤和藻类）的相对毒性。处理后，除丙硫克百威外，每种化合物在2天内从水相中消失，丙硫克百威的50%消散时间（DT50）值在6至7天之间。在5%处理水平下，观察到藻类的暴露峰值为0.9 TU，这导致了pH值、氧气和浮游植物的短期反应。在5%处理水平下，暴露浓度也超过了0.1 TU水蚤，这导致了对浮游动物和大型无脊椎动物的长期影响，其中一些在本研究结束时未完全恢复。在1%处理水平下，仅对少数浮游动物和大型无脊椎动物物种以及pH值观察到轻微的短暂影响。在0.2%水平下，未观察到与处理相关的一致影响。观察到的大多数影响与对单个化合物进行的高级别和中宇宙研究结果一致。由于大多数物质迅速消散且没有许多同时施用的情况，多重和重复胁迫在所施用的农药组合中作用较小。这表明在这种情况下，基于单个化合物的风险评估对于其在作物保护计划中的使用将具有足够的保护作用。
